Overview Of Electronic Funds Transfer Marketing Essay

Diagram Of Electronic Funds Transfer Marketing Essay Dynamic My proposal depends on the E-banking innovation in which customers can gain increasingly great, all the more quickly and fast financial administrations from the customized financial framework. This innovation has likewise been actualized by the worldwide banks just as by banks in Pakistan to give efficient and proficient administrations to their favored customers. The target of this theory is yielded to unchain the significance that Pakistani banks are related with this type of e-banking innovation that is being executed by the banks for offering the electronic types of assistance to the purchasers and in what degree this innovation is noteworthy to clients. This exploration work will likewise help to finish up whether the e-banking administrations are progressively great, all the more quickly and brisk financial administrations. Part 1 Presentation AND BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION At the point when Internet has gone into our day by day life, the most elements of our lives, for example, training, correspondence, business, and so on, were dominated by this novel marvel. One of these measurements is to deal with banking undertakings through the Internet (Shirali Shahreza, 2007). As indicated by (Richard Nyangosi Arora, Sumanjeet Singh, 2009) banking through electronic channels has increased a lot of prevalence as of late. This framework, famously known as e-banking, gives quicker conveyance of banking administrations to a wide scope of clients. Data innovation is turning into a significant factor later on advancement of budgetary administrations industry, and particularly in banking industry (Nami. M. R, 2009). In current business conditions, clients utilizing the administrations results of the banks need better decision. (Avkiran, 1999) focused on the significance of the human touch in the client administrations. The ability of banking staff can be relied upon to straightforwardly influence the clients fulfillment. Be that as it may, e-banking advancements can help in better understanding clients needs and tweaking the administrations/items as per their requirements. In the new time there is a need of bank clients to get improved electronic financial administrations and furthermore better relations with the investors. It is likewise the need of time to offer proficient types of assistance/items to the clients. In Pakistan in any case, such sort of electronic banking has begun as of late. Web based financial framework present to their purchasers a lot of data related advantages that favors to embrace e-banking, including the office for the clients to control their ledgers whenever and wherever, and to get to data content for settling on venture and financing choices (Howcroft B, 2002). Because of the opposition among the banks in Pakistan, the banks need to offer the types of assistance, which are progressively effective, quick and improved the financial framework. In this manner, the target of e-banking is to make such workplace where clients can without much of a stretch find about the data they require for performing monetary exchanges. 1.1.1 Definition of E-Banking Electronic banking, known as Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), it is essentially the utilization of electronic strategies or intends to move cash electronically legitimately starting with one record then onto the next record, as opposed to money or check. We can utilize electronic finances move for: 1. We can pull back cash by an ATM machine with an individual recognizable proof number (PIN), for our benefit at day or night. We can manage our bank or credit association to cover consequently month to month utility tabs from our record, or our automobile advance even our home loan installment. 2. We can purchase food, fuel for our own vehicle, and different products at the buying point, utilizing a Mastercard as opposed to money. 3. We can utilize a prepaid brilliant card implanted for our day by day buying like compensation telephone, cost costs, every day school cost or any book shops. 1.2 BACKGROUND The undeniably change in overall seriousness in business practices has improved the volume of bank on the planet. It has created extra financial information and furthermore improved client request of administrations given by banks. This transformation has set a movement in the financial part for the arrangement of an installment framework that is perfect with the requests of the electronic market (Balachandher, 2001). For the sake of expanded rivalry, numerous banks and association didn't just lessen their expenses yet they have likewise expanded their items. Innovation has changed the preconditions for administration conveyance, drastically as of late (Fredriksson, 2003). The banks are the budgetary establishments to give purchasers investment funds administrations, cash transmission administrations and credit administrations (Sinkey, 1990). In different terms, banks are worried about safe exchange and assortment of the board capacities. In such manner the primary object of the banks is to making benefits and giving best administrations to their clients. Clients are anxious to a banks conduct on the grounds that the clients are the most noteworthy reason for a banks store and income creation. These clients may either be a solitary individual or gathering of an individual or association. As indicated by (Chaudhury Kuilboer, 2002) the capability of offering creative types of assistance over the Web is restricted uniquely by ones creative mind. Online administrations, particularly banking administrations, are getting progressively alluring and option in contrast to visiting administration outlets or call places for expanding their clients. In this way it become simple for the clients to favor online administrations (Szymanski Hise, 2000), feel more in charge of the administration procedure (Bateson, 2000) to keep away from human contact with efficient (Meuter M.L. 2000). In Pakistan be that as it may, banking associations have been centered around rebuke for not given to their clients with unique and reasonable financial administrations. Along these lines, the result that a few clients, think that its reasonable to keep their cash or saves at home than the banks. Studies will complete by two acclaimed banks working in Pakistan, which have explored and applied mechanized innovation for the conveyance of banking administrations. In spite of the fact that, banking organization has deferred to execute PC innovation in banking works out. Various examinations have presumed that IT effectsly affects bank administrations conveyance to clients, bank profitability, clerks work, banking exchange and banking speculation. Thus, these effectsly affect the development of banking framework (Balachandher, 2001). What's more, conveyance the top notch administrations is a route for the banking to improve their associations with their clients. By the Delivering excellent administrations, banks can accomplish consumer loyalty and through consumer loyalty banks can increase faithful clients (Grã ¶nroos, 2000). Due to the profoundly undifferentiated administrations and items, monetary associations explicitly banks become principle apparatus for contending in this commercial center (Kim J.K, Han, Choi Kim S.H. 1998). Much examination has been done about the nature of administrations and client prerequisites in the conventional financial condition, where individual cooperation between the clients and the bank workers happens (Oppewal Vriens, 2000). Subsequently, this is significant for the web based financial administrations suppliers to turn out to be increasingly competent about the clients view of the web based financial administrations quality. Then again the clients additionally have more desires and request when they are utilizing e-banking administrations either the administrations are agreeable or not. Since it is very simpler for clients to assess and look at the advantages of contending administrations (Santos, 2003). 1.3 PROBLEMS DISCUSSION The examination about e-banking adjustment has increased extraordinary consideration during the most recent decade with respect to case; banking diaries have dedicated exceptional issues on the point (Waite Harrison, 2002). There were a great deal of complaints over the deferrals in conventional financial administrations, withdrawals and postponement in handling. Time is cash however the clients need to hang tight for quite a while of their chance in the bank for any financial office. Some time even from a remote region a client needs to make a trip to the concerned branch for any sort of exchange. On the end hours it turns out to be progressively destructive in the event that anybody need make a business bargain for installment. Having the electronic tasks and mechanized teller machine; it has made it simple that the banks would enact their e-units to help the internet banking administrations. In Pakistan, manual-banking framework was performing underneath standard administrations to the clients and it might be influenced on the clients support. Exchanges of the cash from one manual bank to the next can take five to ten days. Some time, when the reason for moving the cash has practically dead. Once in a while representatives need to drop their business bargains because of the inaccessibility of the money moving office in time in customary financial framework where administrations are as delayed as non-secure, non-palatable. So as to fulfill clients needs, numerous banks develop their set through sites and Internet that offer the types of assistance and data to clients and the better help can assist with getting higher gainfulness. With the investigations of IT in generous, that would put a constructive outcome on bank efficiency, clerks work, banking exchange, bank backing, and conveyance of bank administration. These effectsly affect the development of banking (Yasuharu, 2003). Presently Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is giving broadband, which has empowered the clients to embrace the e-benefits rather than manual banking on the grounds that these are a lot of productive and precise. In Pakistan there is low proficiency pace of workingwoman that are in administration. In any case, presently youthful instructed age particularly lady are attempting to land positions and partaking in country building and economy and they need to utilize the financial administrations. Accordingly the e-banking administrations will help and fulfill them in regards to their desires for effective, exact administrations. As of late, numerous nearby banks in Pakistan have utilized the online s

Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business Free Essays

Meshing is in excess of a haircut †it’s a social convention that trims across racial, social, financial, and geographic lines. Hair Braiding in Africa Ancient African hair meshing designs uncover an assortment of complex geometrical plans, which regularly highlighted attributes of the wearer. Personality Status Religion Age Ethnicity family relationship Hair Braiding in Egypt In old Egypt, interlacing was saved for sovereignty and for formal customs like weddings. We will compose a custom article test on Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Hair Braiding in America Historically, most Native American ladies and youngsters wore meshes to mean things: Whether a lady was hitched or unmarried ladies depended on the interlaces she wore. Plaiting was likewise performed for strict customs. Local American men wore plaits with quills, hide, cowhide, or dots to get ready for war. Hair Braiding in Europe According to Medieval and Renaissance work of art, high society ladies were uncovered by expand meshes and styles. Less complex plaits were frequently picked by regular ladies for practical purposes †to keep hair cleaner among showers and to keep hair off the beaten path while cooking, cleaning, and performing other day by day tasks. The Braid Breakdown There are several distinct kinds of twists, including French plaits, English meshes, Dutch interlaces, Swiss twists, multi-strand twists, crown twists, and so forth †every one of them â€Å"twists† on the conventional style. Presently, 11 states have forced a specific permit for hair braiders, and seven states expect braiders to acquire a full cosmetology permit. Ten states explicitly excluded hair braiders from cosmetology authorizing laws, and in the other 22 expresses, the law stays quiet on the issue. We adored when Dorothy carried her interlace to Oz, however no film has made meshes more well known than â€Å"Return of the Jedi† did. Who could oppose Princess Leia’s many meshed do’s? At the point when your hair is separated into even rectangular or triangular segments all over your head, with the hair in each area curved together and twisted into a jutting bunch, the style is known as African bunches or Zulu ties in the U. S. In Africa, be that as it may, the style is called â€Å"chicken crap. † In the 2005 end of the season games, NBA forward Vladimir Radmanovic stood out as truly newsworthy for his hair than for his exhibition on the court. His purpose behind going interlaced? He simply needed to get the hair out of his eyes. As indicated by South African research distributed in the British Journal of Dermatology in 2007, tight hair meshing, particularly when joined with hair-fixing synthetic compounds, can prompt perpetual bare patches and serious skin break out on the scalp. Wow! In 2010, a 4-year-old was suspended from pre-K in his rural Dallas school region since his hair was excessively long. The school board’s bargain that he could mesh his hair and pin it up? Dismissed. |Hair twisting is an old craftsmanship, rehearsed by the Ancient Egyptians as quite a while in the past as 4000 BC. |[pic] | |Today it has become a â€Å"hot â€Å" design pattern with numerous styles, weaves and beautiful decorative | |beads. Women as well as men have grasped this wonderful craftsmanship, making shading and style | |beyond our progenitors most extravagant fantasies. | |How and where did plaiting start? Hair plaiting, as we probably am aware it today has its birthplaces in West | |Africa. The extraordinary and frequently complex structures mean the economic wellbeing, age gathering and village| | |a young lady has originated from. The plait designs are comprised of various geometrical examples and can | |become very mind boggling for unique events, for example, relationships. | |Braiding is generally a social workmanship. On account of the time it takes to plait hair the ladies | |took time to mingle while meshing and having their hair done. It starts with the seniors | |making straightforward bunches and twists for more youthful youngsters. More established youngsters watch and gain from them, | |start rehearsing on more youthful young ladies and in the end get familiar with the conventional structures. Here in America | |you see moms and grandmas twisting and placing beautiful dots in little children’s hair. | |This carries on a the convention of holding among older folks and the new age. | |The contrast among antiquated and present day plaiting: Nowadays, just as the bright dots and | |intricate structures of our progenitors, hair weaving has become some portion of the customary interlacing | |technique. This makes the way for an entirely different arrangement of styles and looks. The Hip Hop | |industry has taken hair meshing and weaving to an unheard of level of fame and style, | |allowing individuals from varying backgrounds to appreciate making a design explanation with hair plaits | |and weaves. Hair weaves extend from genuine hair to an immense range of various hues and surfaces | |made from engineered hair. The conventional globules are likewise being formed into a wide range of | |shapes and sizes. | |Hair Care for Braiding and Hair Weaving | |When you choose to interlace your hair or use hair weaves, your hair should be in acceptable condition, | |or you will encounter breakage and harm. Your hair ought to have flexibility. This is a characteristic | |condition of hair strands and will be available in all hair that has not been synthetically treated. | |If you have utilized relaxers, fading, or perms, | |these synthetic compounds make your hair dry and weak, it is imperative to utilize great conditioners on| | |a customary premise to reestablish your hair’s characteristic versatility. Make certain to talk about this with your | |stylist, so you can appreciate meshing styles without harming your hair. | |Hair interlacing and weaving can be very expensive, so it is basic to go to beauticians who are | |experienced and learned. Make a meeting with your beautician for a discussion, before | |you have your hair done. | |Discuss what style is best for you, the expense and how to keep up your hair interlaces or weave. | |Proper care of your hair when interlacing and utilizing hair weaves will forestall harm to your hair | |and scalp. Hair meshing is one of the most flexible approaches to style your hair and really make | |yourself one of a kind, with this excellent and antiquated artistic expression. | [pic][pic] [pic] The most effective method to refer to Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business, Essay models

FAQ Waitlist

FAQ Waitlist Every year we publish a FAQ about the waitlist. Students on the waitlist have lots of questions, so hopefully you find an answer to yours here. How does the waitlist work? We are aiming for a class of about 1050 students this year. Based on our estimates of the percentage of admitted students who will attend (known as the yield), we admitted 1419 students. However, it isnt possible to exactly predict how many students will attend this year. To help with the uncertainties, we also keep a waitlist of students. Is the waitlist ranked? No. How many people are on the waitlist? We offered approximately 3% of applicants a spot on the waitlist. Not all of those students will choose to remain on the waitlist. Can you tell me where I am on the waitlist? No, because its not ranked. We will reconsider all of the waitlisted students again in May, when we know how many students remain on the waitlist, and how many we wish to take from the waitlist. How many people will you admit from the waitlist this year? It is impossible to know. We will have no idea how many people, if any, we will take from the waitlist until the first or second week of May. What has the waitlist looked like, historically? In the last five years, we have admitted as few as 0 students from the waitlist and as many as 78 students. However, its impossible to know what will happen this year, since we dont yet know what the exact yield will be this year. Can you tell me where my application was lacking, or what I should improve on? If we waitlisted you, it means we really like you, and you do not need to improve on your application. You should, however, continue to get good grades, as we may call your school to check on your academic progress. What are the realities here? True story: its likely that most people on the waitlist will not be admitted. But remember, any statistic against you (or for you) is associative but not causal. This means, what has happened in the past or on any other application doesnt impact your application. Whom do you admit from the waitlist? For example, if someone from state X or major Y declines, are you likely to look for another student like them? Sometimes we look at things like that but were not strict about it. So, if a foosball champion decides to go somewhere else, we may, or may not, go out of our way to try to find another foosball player on the waitlist. It just depends on what the list looks like. Are domestic students given priority over international students on the waitlist? No, but we do consider whether admitting international students from the waitlist would put us over our international quota. If Im waitlisted, can I still come for CPW or do the Overnight Program? No, Im sorry. Im still very interested in attending MIT. What should I do if I hope to be admitted from the waitlist? A waitlist confirmation form will be available online in early April. After youve heard back from all the colleges youve applied to, please use the form to let us know whether you wish to remain on the waitlist or not. Once its live, well email you to let you know. The deadline to complete the form is April 25, 2014. Next, be sure to enroll in a college/university by May 1. You do not need to submit additional documents, but if you would like to, you can email mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu and the documents will be added to your application. Excessively emailing us will not help your case (and might hurt it). I would recommend sending us a note (no more than a page in length) to mitwl [at] mit [dot] edu in mid-late April with an update on what youve been up to since our last contact. You can also feel free to provide any other information you think would be helpful. What should I not do? Here are some things you should not do: Fly to campus to make the case in person. Send us ridiculous items or bribes. Submit a whole new application. Bombard our office with way too much stuff. Be pushy. Be sketchy. Let your grades drop. Not choose another college to attend by May 1. What should I do about the May 1 reply date for other colleges? You should accept the offer of admission from another college before May 1, even if it means making a deposit. After May 1, when all students have sent their replies, colleges will determine if they need to go to their waitlist or not, and if so, how many students they need to admit. At this point, colleges will begin admitting students from the waitlist. Students who accept this offer will unenroll at the first college and enroll at the second. This shifting can lead to a second round of waitlist admissions. All of this is a standard part of the admissions process. We colleges recognize and accept this. If Im admitted off of the waitlist, do I have to go to MIT? What about financial aid? Youre not required to enroll. Well give you a financial aid package and youll have time to consider your decision before letting us know one way or the other. It is in your best interest to complete your financial aid application now (if you havent already), so that if you are admitted from the waitlist, well have a financial aid package ready to go. Our waitlist process, like our entire admissions process, is need blind, and we will meet full demonstrated need for all admitted students. Okay, what should I do now? First, focus on choosing the best fit college of those who have offered you admission. Waitlists are uncertain, so it is always best to ensure your happiness no matter what the outcome. If you are still interested in MIT, you should stay in contact with us. Drop us a note to mitwl [at] mit [dot] eduonce things have calmed down a bit. Please always be very nice in all of your interactions with us! Keep us up to date all the way through May 1 and beyond if you remain interested. And in the meantime be patient. There wont be any waitlist news until early-mid May. ?Good luck! FAQ Waitlist I know that students on the waitlist have lots of questions; hopefully this post will be helpful. How does the waitlist work? We are aiming for a class of about 1130 students this year. Based on our estimates of the percentage of admitted students who will attend (known as the yield), we admitted 1548 students. However, it isnt possible to exactly predict how many students will attend this year. To help with the uncertainties, we also keep a waitlist of students. Is the waitlist ranked? No. How many people are on the waitlist? We offered fewer than 4% of applicants a spot on the waitlist. Not all of those students will choose to remain on the waitlist. Can you tell me where I am on the waitlist? No, because its not ranked. We will reconsider all of the waitlisted students again in May, when we know how many students remain on the waitlist, and how many we wish to take from the waitlist. How many people will you admit from the waitlist this year? It is impossible to know. We will have no idea how many people, if any, we will take from the waitlist until the first or second week of May. What has the waitlist looked like, historically? Last year we admitted 0 students from the waitlist. The year before that, we admitted 27 students from the waitlist, and the year before that we admitted 65 students. Please dont try to draw a trend line from 3 points its impossible to know what the yield will be this year. Can you tell me where my application was lacking, or what I should improve on? If we waitlisted you, it means we really like you, and you do not need to improve on your application. You should, however, continue to get good grades, as we may call your school to check on your academic progress. What are the realities here? True story: its likely that most people on the waitlist will not be admitted. But remember, any statistic against you (or for you) is associative but not causal. This means, what has happened in the past or on any other application doesnt impact your application. Who do you admit from the waitlist? For example, if someone from state X or major Y declines, are you likely to look for another student like them? Sometimes we look at things like that but were not strict about it. So, if a foosball champion decides to go somewhere else, we may, or may not, go out of our way to try to find another foosball player on the waitlist. It just depends on what the list looks like. Are domestic students given priority over international students on the waitlist? No, but we do consider whether admitting international students from the waitlist would put us over our international quota. If Im waitlisted, can I still come for CPW or do the Overnight Program? No, Im sorry. Im still very interested in attending MIT. What should I do if I hope to be admitted from the waitlist? First: there is a link to the waitlist confirmation page in your decision letter. You should complete this form when you determine if you would like to remain on the waitlist. We encourage students on the waitlist to complete the waitlist reply form once you know all of your college choices. The deadline to complete the form is April 18, 2013. Next, be sure to enroll in a college/university by May 1. You do not need to submit additional documents, but if you would like to, you can email [emailprotected] and the documents will be added to your application. Excessively emailing us will not help your case (and might hurt it). I would recommend sending us a note (no more than a page in length) to this email address in mid-late April with an update on what youve been up to since our last contact. You can also feel free to provide any other information you think would be helpful. What should I not do? Here are some things you should not do: Fly to campus to make the case in person. Send us ridiculous items or bribes. Submit a whole new application. Bombard our office with way too much stuff. Be pushy. Be sketchy. Let your grades drop. Not choose another college to attend by May 1. What should I do about the May 1 reply date for other colleges? You should accept the offer of admission from another college before May 1, even if it means making a deposit. After May 1, when all students have sent their replies, colleges will determine if they need to go to their waitlist or not, and if so, how many students they need to admit. At this point, colleges will begin admitting students from the waitlist. Students who accept this offer will unenroll at the first college and enroll at the second. This shifting can lead to a second round of waitlist admissions. All of this is a standard part of the admissions process. We colleges recognize and accept this. If Im admitted off of the waitlist, do I have to go to MIT? What about financial aid? Youre not required to enroll. Well give you a financial aid package and youll have time to consider your decision before letting us know one way or the other. It is in your best interest to complete your financial aid application now (if you havent already), so that if you are admitted from the waitlist, well have a financial aid package ready to go. Our waitlist process, like our entire admissions process, is need blind, and we will meet full demonstrated need for all admitted students. Okay, what should I do now? First, focus on choosing the best fit college of those who have offered you admission. Waitlists are uncertain, so it is always best to ensure your happiness no matter what the outcome. If you are still interested in MIT, you should stay in contact with us. Drop us a note to the waitlist email address once things have calmed down a bit. Please always be very nice in all of your interactions with us! Keep us up to date all the way through May 1 and beyond if you remain interested. And in the meantime be patient. There wont be any waitlist news until early-mid May. Good luck!

I.What Is A Theory. 1.Criminology Is The Scientific Study

I. What is a theory? 1. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior. a. Correlation and Cause: Correlation is the relationship between two variables that tend to move in the same direction. Causation is the relationship in which a change in one variable creates a recognizable change in another variable. For example, many criminals are drug abusers but drug abuse does not cause crime because not everyone who abuses drugs is a criminal. b. The Role of Theory: Criminologists have uncovered information concerning a different and more applicable inquiry. II. The Scientific Method 1. Theory is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning. 2. A†¦show more content†¦2. Research shows that even moderate use of alcohol or drugs increases the chances that a schizophrenic will behave violently. IX. Psychology and Crime 1. Social psychology is the study of how individual behavior is influenced by the behavior of groups in social situations. b. Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages: Sociology is the study of the development and functioning of groups of people who live together within a society. X. Social Disorganization Theory 1. High levels of high school dropouts. 2. Chronic unemployment. 3. Deteriorating buildings and other infrastructures. 4. Concentrations of single-parent families. XI. Strain Theory 1. Strain theory is the assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their financial and personal goals through legitimate means. 2. An anomie is a condition in which the individual feels a disconnect from society due to the breakdown or absence of social norms. XII. Social conflict theories 1. Social conflict theories are theories that views criminal behavior as the result of class conflict. c. Life lessons and Criminal Behavior: Surveys that ask people about their criminal behavior have shown that the criminal instinct is pervasive in middle and upper class communities, even if it is expressed differently. XIII. The abandoned car experiment 1. Social process theories are theories that considers criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person’s

10 Facts About the Periodic Table of Elements

The periodic table is a chart that arranges the chemical elements in a useful, logical manner. Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, lined up so elements that exhibit similar properties are arranged in the same row or column as others. The periodic table is one of the most useful tools of chemistry and the other sciences. Here are 10 fun facts to boost your knowledge: Although Dmitri Mendeleev is most often cited as the inventor of the modern periodic table, his table was just the first to gain scientific credibility. ​It wasnt the first table that organized the elements according to periodic properties.There are  about  94 elements on the periodic table that occur in nature. All of the other elements are strictly human-made. Some sources state more elements occur naturally because heavy elements may transition between elements as they undergo radioactive decay.Technetium was the first element to be made artificially. It is the lightest element that has only radioactive isotopes (none are stable).The International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, revises the periodic table as new data becomes available. At the time of this writing, the most recent version of the periodic table was approved in December 2018.The rows of the periodic table are called periods. An elements period number is the highest unexcited energy level for an ele ctron of that element.Columns of elements help to distinguish groups in the periodic table. Elements within a group share several common properties and often have the same outer electron arrangement.Most of the elements on the periodic table are metals. The alkali metals, alkaline earths, basic metals, transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides all are groups of metals.The present periodic table has room for 118 elements. Elements arent discovered or created in order of atomic number. Scientists are working on creating and verifying elements 119 and 120, which will change the appearance of the table, though they were working on element 120 before element 119. Most likely, element 119 will be positioned directly below francium and element 120 directly below radium. Chemists may create much heavier elements that may be more stable because of the special properties of certain combinations of proton and neutron numbers.Although you might expect atoms of an element to get larger as th eir atomic number increases, this does not always occur because the size of an atom is determined by the diameter of its electron shell. In fact, element atoms usually decrease in size as you move from left to right across a row.The main difference between the modern periodic table and Mendeleevs periodic table is that Mendeleevs table arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight, while the modern table orders the elements by increasing atomic number. For the most part, the order of the elements is the same between both tables, though there are exceptions.

Optimum Dividend Policy Free Essays

INTRODUCTION It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the significance of dividend policy, considering the fact that payment of dividend reduces earnings available for investment and increase external financing for investment purpose. Most households, investors and pensioners rely heavily on the dividends from their investments to make ends meet. A lot of theories have emerged regarding the dividend decisions made by companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimum Dividend Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now While some are of the opinion that the choice of dividend is irrelevant to the value of shareholder wealth, provided all retained earnings are invested in projects that give a positive net present value, others held the view that the capital structure decision is relevant as the cost of loan capital is cheaper than that of equity and as such advocates external source of financing as oppose to the use of dividends. This report will therefore examine some of the theories on dividend policies using five year dividend policy of Tesco Plc and Apple Incorporation. TESCO PLC Tesco is a retail store whose head office is in United Kingdom. It has an unrivalled FTSE 100 record of increasing dividend for the 26th consecutive year. Its major shareholders as at July 2010 are Blackrock Inc which owns 5.24%, Legal general Investment Management Limited which owns 3.71% of the issued share capital of the company, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, 3.02% (Annual report, 2010, pp. 1-3 45). Tesco Plc final dividend payout extracted from the annual reports between 2006 to 2010 is: YEAR:2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 DIVIDEND (pence): 6.10 6.83 7.70 8.39 9.16 APPLE INCORPORATION Apple is an American multinational corporation incorporated in 1977 which manufactures computers, computer accessories and mobile phones. In 1980, the company went public, selling 4.6 million shares at a price of $22 per share and closing at $29. (CNET news, 1997). The company does not pay dividends despite its continuous increase in shares arising from the success in new products lunch. Below gives an overview of Apple dividend history. Year 2009 20082007 2006 2005 Dividends $0 $0$0 $0 $0 Price $170.31$110.99 $198.08 $84.84 $0 Estimated EPS (year) $5.84, Estimated EPS (quarter) $1.38 Estimated EPS Growth 18.58%, Payout Ratio0.00%. DIVIDEND AND DIVIDEND POLICY Dividend is a cash payment made to shareholders on a quarterly or twice in a year basis based on the amount of shares held and dependent upon the dividend policy adopted by the company. It is normally paid to every shareholder at the record date and can be either in cash or reinvested into the business to generate capital gains (Atrill and McLaney, 2008, pp. 138-139). They are paid out of profit after deducting interest and tax liabilities and the Company Act 1985 makes it mandatory for companies to pay dividend out of accumulated net realised profit, taking into consideration any accumulated loss according to Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (Watson and Head, 2007, p.84). Dividend can be also in the form of bonus shares whereby instead of shareholders receiving cash as dividend, they receive additional share known as script dividend (Atrill, 2009, p. 365). Some companies like Google and Apple have a zero-dividend stock while others like Tesco Inc pays dividend. THEORIES OF DIVIDEND POLICY There is increasing pressure for companies to cut dividend in order to finance projects that gives a positive net present value using retained earnings which is a major source of finance for companies in the United Kingdom (Watson and Head, 2007, p. 285). Retained earnings are being used because there are no issue costs involve and are quick to raise (ACCA F9, 2010, p. 556). However, the decision of a company to use retained earnings to finance its investments will be dependent on the attitude of shareholders and capital market to a reduction in dividend, availability and cost of external sources of finance and amount of fund require relative to the available distributable profits (ACCA F9, 2010, p. 285). The following are some of the dividend policy theories that will be discussed in this report. DIVIDEND IRRELEVANCE THEORY This theory was pioneered by Modigliani and Miller in 1961. It argued that in a perfect capital market where there is the absence of transaction costs, taxation and market imperfections, shareholders are concerned with increase in wealth and will be indifference to whether the increase is a result of capital gain or dividend (ACCA F9, 2010, p. 556). To an investor, whether a firm pays dividend or not should make no difference to the value of the firm and it does not counts whether it is paid out as dividend or reinvested to yield a capital gain as dividend policy does not have any effect on share price (Chiang et al, 2006, pp.6413). This supports Human Resource Director of Aspire Plc of one dividend policy being as good as another as it has no effect on share price. Thus a company can choose to pay any amount of dividend and use retained earnings to finance projects that have positive net present value and maintain that shareholders who invest in a financial geared business will wan t a return that is the same with the return they will get from investing in a similar business that is ungeared and that returns the shareholders require from borrowing will remain unchanged with increase in levels of borrowing (Atrill, 2009, p. 344). Their argument is founded on the assumption that having a good security for the loans will prevent lenders from seeking additional returns. Modigliani and Miller fail to realised that human nature being naturally selfish and the business environment being chaotic, complex and unpredictable will make lenders seek higher returns so as to safe guard against such risk as global recession. Investors suffered dividend cuts with investments worth billions reduced to nothing in the wake of the financial crisis which were not matched by a reciprocal austerity on the part of investment bankers (Jones, 2011). Shareholders will require higher return due to the risk, inflation and interest. Moreover, their argument is founded on three assumptions of an ‘ideal business world’ devoid of share issue costs, market imperfections, transaction costs and taxation whereas in reality, these exist. A perfect market assumption of market prices not being influenced by a single seller or buyer (Hussainey et al, 2011, p.59) is unlikely to hold. The financial markets operate in a chaotic and unpredicted world and in reality, costs like agency, bankruptcy, and transaction costs are incurred when investors buy or sell their shares and tax will be charged as well as inflation (Abor and Bokpin, 2010, p. 180). Moreover, monopoly exists where a single seller can influence price. The ongoing war in Libya for instance has led to a large increase in fuel price all around the world (Barbajosa, 2011). However, the third assumption of no taxation will hold to a great extent giving that the United Kingdom no taxation rule on capital gains below ?9200 applies, whereas all dividends are tax charged (Atrill, 2009, p. 372). The tax position of an investor to a great extent will determine whether they prefer a capital gain to dividend and vice versa and shareholders will invest in companies whose dividend policies are in line with their investment needs DIVIDEND RELEVANCE THEORY This theory propounded by Lintner (1956) and Gordon (1959) is founded on the assumption that a shareholder will prefer to receive a dividend payment which is certain as oppose to investing the same amount in an investment whose value is not certain corroborating the point made by Aspire Plc Director of Operations that a known dividend now is preferred by shareholders to an uncertain capital gain in the future. This is similar to the bird in the hand dividend theory which says that a bird (dividend) in hand is worth more than two (capital gains) in the bush. Giving that future cash flows are uncertain, an investor will prefer dividends to retained earnings (Hussainey, 2011, p. 59). It therefore maintained that dividends are preferred to capital gains as a result of shareholders being risk averse. Some of their arguments is founded on the assumptions that dividends are a signal to shareholders and investors about the prospects of a company. This arises as a result of the asymmetry of i nformation between shareholders and managers (Alnold, 2007, p. 429). Thus shareholders see dividend as a means of passing across information to them as to the well being of their investments. A rise in dividend to the shareholder is a sign that the company has good prospects and share price tends to rise while a cut in dividend signals a poor performance (Tse, 2005, p. 14). Share prices thus go up when there is increase in dividend and go down when there is a cut in dividend and market makes use of announcement of changes in dividend payments in assessing the value of a security (Tse, 2005, p.14 in Pettit (1972). A pitfall of this notion is that an increase in dividend may implies that the company is short of positive net present value projects to invest in or has weak investments opportunities and as a result dispense cash out as dividend to shareholders (Baker and Wurgler, 2004, p. 1128). Apple does not pay dividend partly because of a similar reason that dividend payments give a negative perception that the company has run out of investments opportunities and as such will not grow much more (Elmer-Dewitt, 2010). Alternatively, companies with zero dividend shares like Berkshire Hathaway face a dilemma as to how to convey information about current performance and future prospects of the company if dividends are a means of passing on such information to the shareholders. Although investors invest in companies for various reasons, while some rely on dividend as a source of regular income like the pensioner and institutional investors who rely on dividend payments to meet various obligations and needs to meet, others prefer capital gains. However, like the argument put forward by the Sales Director of Aspire Plc that dividend policy should be structured to suit the type of shareholders a company has and dividend paid according to their needs, company dividend policy should be drafted base on the company’s clientele (shareholders) base and their needs or income requirements. Aspire Plc shareholders are majorly individuals, pension funds and insurance companies having total shares holdings of 66.7%, giving the obvious that the company’s majority clientele base is mainly shareholders who have liabilities to meet and would therefore prefer that dividend be paid as against having them invested for capital gains which a unit and investment fund company will have a preference for. Regardless of the fact that shareholders want dividends paid to meet obligations and income needs, they are also interested in the growth of the company. In dispensing cash as dividends to shareholders or reinvesting to yield a capital gain, a company should also consider shareholders tax preference. While some shareholders want dividends, they do not want the tax liability that comes with it. The United Kingdom tax law exempt capital gains below ?9200 whereas dividends are taxable. As a result, shareholders will want to delay dividend being paid to them to take advantage of this exemption. Similarly, if there is share appreciation, the tax benefits of deferring capital gains into the future may outweigh the cost of paying a higher tax rate on a relatively small dividend (Whitworth and Zhang, 2010, p.681). In an attempt to send a positive signal about future prospects of a company, company pays dividend despites its tax disadvantages. The cost of this signalling is that cash dividends are taxed higher than capital gains. While some investors would rather have capital gains to cut down on tax impact, others may prefer dividends because they prefer immediate cash in hand (Hussainey, 2011, p.60). RESIDUAL THEORY The theory which share a similar view with Modigliani and Miller’s except that it recognises issue costs but there is no taxation and market imperfections and argued that though dividend are important, the pattern is not. It further reiterates that a firm should pay dividend from cash remaining after investing in net positive value projects. The problem is how an investor knows that a company is investing in projects that will enhance the value of a company due to the asymmetry of information between management and investors or shareholders?. Payments of dividend is a means by which managers signal the true value of the firm and communicate insider information about the company to the shareholders (Tse, 2005, p.13). It brings about the issue of agency as an investor cannot tell that his or her dividend accrued to him or her has been reinvested in positive or negative net present value projects or used by the directors to pursue their own interest of empire building to the detr iment of investors. A typical example is Enron Corporation that has its managers claimed to have been reinvesting shareholders money and creating value through acquisition of over forty one companies, investments worth billions of dollars and increase in share price from $57.10 to $90.56 within 1998 by cooking fraudulent accounting information which the shareholders relied on. Its pre-initial public offering shares went from $10 million to $372 million within a day. It was soon discovered that the managers indulged in creative accounting to hide losses worth about $35 billion and had overstated income by $586 million. The share price went from $90.56 to $8.40 and subsequently to 61 cents (Gini et al, 2009, pp.110-114). Shareholders of firms can thus avoid incurring agency costs by reducing the cash available to the shareholders through the demand for dividend to reduce excess free cash flow. (ACCA F9, 2010, pp. 375-376) and (Hussainey, 2011, p. 60). ZERO DIVIDEND POLICY Some companies adopted a zero dividend policy whereby they do not pay dividends to their shareholders rather plough the cash back into the business to generate future capital gains. Companies such as Berkshire Hathaway, Google, Apple, and Microsoft until recently do not pay dividends. Apple do not pay dividend despite its holdings in cash and marketable securities which have grown from $24.5 billion to $46 billion. Its Chief executive Officer had said that the company has no plans of paying dividend in the near future. The company believes that cash hoard is a fast and easy means of financing investments projects such as acquisition, Research and Development in new products and put the company in less fewer risks by using retained earnings as opposed to external sources of finance to avoid exposing the entire company to risk (Ghosh, 2011). This may be due to the fact that the company’s major shareholders are co-founder Steve Jobs, who owns more than 5.5 million shares, Apple engineer and vice president Sina Tamaddon with 290,000 shares, and retail chief Ron Johnson with 232,000 shares. Other shareholders are institutional and Mutual Fund Holders. However, as of April 2009, more than 71 percent of Apple’s stock was owned by institutions and mutual funds with the largest institutional stock holder being FMR LLC, with 39.2 million shares, followed by Barclays Global Investors with 37 million. The top mutual fund holder is The Growth Fund of America with 24.1 million shares. In July 2009, the company’s stock was trading at $142.40 per share (Desjardins, 2011). This goes to show that 71% of its shareholders are mutual fund trusts who do not have immediate pressing needs to meet and would therefore prefer a capital gain to dividend, hence the use of retained earnings by Apple to finance its business. Also, giving the nature of Apple’s business, the company needs to invest in research and development which most times takes years for a brea kthrough to manifest. Apple would have also chosen not to pay dividend due to failure of who had almost $60-billion of cash on the balance sheet, from which they used about $32-billion to make a special one-time dividend in 2004. Microsoft’s share chart showns that its share price has gone nowhere in ten years. Not even a number of stock buybacks have helped push up the stock price. Also, Cisco Systems announcement to start paying a dividend had its shares plunged from almost $70 in 2000 to just above $20 no, while Apple shares have skyrocketed from $7 per share in 2003 to more than $333 currently (Ghosh, 2011). CONCLUSION REFERENCE ABOR, J AND BOKPIN, G,A. 2010. Investment opportunities, corporate finance, and dividend payout policy: Evidence from emerging markets. Studies in economics and Finance, 27 (3), pp.180-195). ATRILL, P AND MCLANEY, E. 2008. Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists. 6th edn. England: Pearson Education. ATRILL, P. 2009. Financial Management for Decision Makers. 5th edn. England: Pearson Education. Apple, Inc. (AAPN) Dividend Summary [WWW] (http://www.dividendinformation.com/AAPL_dividends (May 2011). ALNOLD, G. 2007. Corporate Financial Management. England: Pearson Education Limited. ACCA, F9. 2010. Financial Management: Complete text-December 2010. Berkshire: Kaplan Publishing UK. Barbajosa, A. 2011. Analysis: U.S. leverage to crimp Iranian oil exports fades. [WWW] http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/04/businesspro-us-iran-oil-leveage- (May 2 2011). BAKER, M AND WURGLER, J. 2004. A catering theory of dividend. The Journal of Finance, LIX (3), pp. 1125-1166. CHIANG,K, FRANKFURTER,G.M, KOSEDAG, A, AND WOOD JR,B,G. 2006. The perception of dividends by professional investors. Manageria Finance [Online Journal], 32 (1), pp. 60-81. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=The+perception+of+dividends+by++professional+investorsct=allec=1bf=1go=Go (April 22 2011). COLLINS, D. 2006. Enron: the good, the bad and the really ugly. In: GINI, A and MARCOUK, A.M. Case studies in business ethics. 6th.Edn. London: Pearson prentice Hall, pp. 104-115. (CNET news, 1997). http://news.cnet.com/2009-1001-201295.html DESJARDINS, D. 2011. Who Owns the Apple Computer Company[WWW] http://www.ehow.com/about_5143792_owns-apple-computer-company.html (April 25 2011). ELMER-DEWITT, P. 2010. Why Steve Jobs doesn’t Pay Dividends. [WWW] http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/13/why-steve-jobs-doesnt-pay-dividends/ (April 12 2011). GHOSH, P. 2011. Why doesn’t Apple pay a dividend[WWW] http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/98718/20110107/why-doesn-t-apple-pay-a-dividend.htm (April 12 2011). HUSSAINEY, K, MGBAME,C. O AND MGBAME, A.M. 2011. Dividend policy and share price volatility: UK evidence. The Journal of Risk Finance [Online Journal], 12 (1), pp. 57-68. Available from Emerald at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?st1=Dividend+policy+and+share+price+volatility%3A+UK+evidencect=allec=1bf=1go=Go (April 15 2011). JONES, A. 2011. Barclays must Clear Mists for Investors [WWW] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8bdc54f6-70f4-11e0-962a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Lnlyn0w7 (May 8 2011) TSE, C. 2005. Use dividends to signal or not: an examination of the UK payout patterns. Managerial Finance. 31 (4), pp. 12-33. Tesco Major shareholders http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/financials/shareholders/ 9/5/11 TESCO. 2010. Annual Report. WATSON, D AND HEAD, A. 2007. Corporate Finance. 4th edn. England: Pearson Education Limited. WHITWORTH, J AND ZHANG,Y.2010. Accrued capital gains and ex-dividend day pricing. Managerial Finance Vol. 36 No. 8, 2010 pp. 680-702 How to cite Optimum Dividend Policy, Essay examples

Cross Cultural Management USA and France

Question: Discuss abou theCross Cultural Managementfor USA and France. Answer: Cultural Differences Between USA and France Various countries experience different cultural backgrounds and differences. Every country has its code of conduct and practices that they identify with, the characteristics that their nationals can easily be identified with wherever they go. In this case, therefore, there exists an enormous cultural difference between the United States of America and their French counterparts. Given their geographical locations (one in Europe and another in North America), the cross- cultural management, which is a major factor in enhancing understanding between different cultures, is essential for the two countries (Adler 2008). Firstly, regarding power distance, France is a higher power distance country as compared to the USA. The French leadership is stronger than the people under them meaning they rely so much on the orders of the top leaders for their crucial decisions as compared to the USA. France is one of the most hierarchical countries in Europe and North America combined. According to (Cebuc Iosif 2008), the range of Power Distance scores of North American and European Union nations ranks France as the most hierarchical country while the USA is ranked down the middle among the moderate countries. The leadership styles employed in both countries affects the operations of the national corporations to private organizations. Organizational set ups in France tend to favor a more downward approach of corporate structure, whereby the commands and instructions come from top most management and the ordinary people below the hierarchy ladder are responsible for execution and implementation of the organizational tasks. Secondly, France has higher uncertainty avoidance as compared to the USA. Uncertainty avoidance refers the degree to which people within a society are threatened by unknown, risky, ambiguous and undefined circumstances (Neelankavil, Mathur Zhang 2000). With this general feeling within the population, there develops an increased negativity and skepticism towards any new idea that does not appeal to the minds of the people. According to (DiRienzo et al. 2007), in most societies with higher uncertainty avoidance levels, the people feel irritable under unpredictable situations, and this ultimately leads to lack of motivation in challenging the authority and these societies are characterized by high levels of corruption. This situation explains why some French quarters were so opposed to the idea of Euro Disneyland from the USA. Another cultural difference between USA and France rests in their difference in ideologies. While most people in France believe in communism and collectivism, such thinking does not exist in the USA. The general perception of the French toward the USA and their ambitious Euro Disneyland program is all negative as they perceive it as a looting plan. The American people believe so much in individualism (Hofstede Hofstede 2005). To them, increased individualism leads to greater output from a person. This is best explained by (Gorodnichenko Roland 2010), that when individualism is increased, there is a subsequent increase in the percentage of the level of income. And finally, Hofstedes cultural dimension of Masculinity/ femininity clearly highlights cultural the differences between France and USA. USA's society is mostly associated masculinity cultural dimension whereby it is much important to get recognized, having much wealth and high earnings. On the other side, the French are more familiar with the femininity cultural dimension whereby people are much interested in cooperating with one another, creating an environment which is less stressing and being friendly to one another (Hofstede 2011). Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions From Trompenaars' research on cultural aspect, a lot can be derived that directly addresses the cultural difference between USA and France. While the USA has fully embraced universalism, their counterparts the French are more surrounded in particularism. Universalism involves versatile ideas and believes they are applicable everywhere in the world and can be well received without being modified, while particularism involves certain ideas that cannot be applied everywhere. According to (Lumby 2006), most Americans have a general perception that particularism decisions are corrupt and even immoral. With universalism, the USA has a general belief that it could venture anywhere believing that their ideas would be accepted by other societies. However, it is apparent that the French communist society was not ready to accommodate the universalism ideas after they tried to oppose Euro Disneyland establishment in their country. Another Trompenaars cultural dimension that highlights the cultural difference between USA and France is Individualism versus Communitarianism. The USA believes much in individualism. There is a general feeling in America that individualism encourages hard works, and improves personal income for the people within the society. The French society, on the other hand, is more into Communitarianism which means the people within the community takes care of one another's needs. These societies are characterized by slow economic growth. But their pride rests in the fact that belonging to a particular group is more valued than having personal freedom and independence (Balan Vreja 2013). These variations explain the Frenchs society reluctance in welcoming Euro Disneyland into their country. Furthermore, another of cultural dimension highlighting the cultural difference between French society and the American society is the Specific versus Diffuse. In particular cultures, there is a clear line between work and an individual's private life. This is more common in the USA, whereby people know what entails of their work and their privacy and people are more extroverted and outgoing. In diffuse cultures, the individuals are introverted, holistic and view various perspectives of their lives as paramount. In this cultural orientation, individuals' personal life and professional life overlap and they believe that having a good relationship with one another is much more important (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner 1997). The diffuse cultural orientation is standard with most of the French population; therefore the Specific Vs Diffuse cultural dimension highlights the disparity in cultural lives of USA and France. Finally, Trompenaars' Achievement versus Ascription cultural dimensions also explains the cultural differences between USA and France. Most Americans would associate with Achievement cultural orientation just because it entails awarding of persons based on the performance at the workplace. In this orientation, the individuals' value is determined by how they perform and by their actions. On the other hand, the Ascription Orientation is most familiar with the French, whereby status doesnt depend on performance or achievement, but it depends on who you are within the society. For the people in achievement cultural orientation, titles, credentials, and honors matter the most because the whole efforts at the workplace are motivated by the potential success a person would earn. Culture is dynamic; it can change, and it can evolve. But it takes a significant amount of time for any culture to transform (Wycoff 2004). Therefore, it is much better to acknowledge and appreciate the different cultural dimensions in the global context. Management Mistakes of Euro Disneyland The management of Euro Disneyland committed high profile mistakes in their operations of their French theme set up in France. They, first of all, undermined the idea of understanding cultural differences between the USA and France. Understanding the differences would have enabled the management to set up the theme in a more appealing manner to the French rather than trying to duplicate the universal American approach directly into France (Tompkins, Galbraith Tompkins n.d.). From the theme's set up to the Euro Disneyland management culture, there was a total omission of the French, and only US superiority shone at every level. Secondly, the administration's decision to not give the French people priority when it came to employment, further increased the negative perception of the French people towards the company. The management allowed employment of other foreign nationals which meant the French citizens were not given priority while the business was set up in their country. The top management itself consisted of majority Americans and much worse, Disney decided to place its first bids in English in a country completely dominated by French-speaking people. This left most nationals looking like foreigners in their country. There was a lack of cultural awareness; which is important when venturing into a new society (Fowers Davidov 2006). Finally, the Disney management further subjected the French national companies to the external competition from other foreign nations. They believed that the French companies did not just have direct access to the bids; they had to compete not just with themselves but with other foreign companies as well. This was more than less impressive gesture to the French, a situation which explains Disney's insensitivity towards the code of conduct in a new society and lack of exercising cultural intelligence skills (Peterson 2004); (Chaney Martin 2011). Lessons on How to Deal with Diversity Euro Disneylands most undoing part was not trying to understand the French population from a cultural point of view. What is best practiced in the USA is not necessarily best practiced somewhere else; therefore, they should have learned three key factors in dealing with diversity: Societal Practices Differs Every society differs from another in one way or another. The company should have realized that there is no guarantee what works best in the USA will always work best everywhere else. Appreciating societal differences and accepting them means embracing diversity; therefore Euro Disneyland Company should have completely given the French people the priority from the theme set up, to the language, job consideration, and bids for their companies. Cultural Intelligence is Important Every society differs in many ways and to understand this means having social intelligence. Cultural Intelligence refers to the ability to exhibit certain traits and qualities which culturally conform to the values of others (Peterson 2004). For one to live successfully in a certain culture, they have to adhere to the differences of that culture (Kawar 2012). Adaptation is Key For successful operations within a new society with new cultural dimensions, adapting to their practices and beliefs is the first step towards integrating with them hence facilitating favorable mutual coexistence. Euro Disneyland company was too reluctant to adjust to the full French culture which was a seemingly unwise move. References Adler, N 2008, International dimensions of organizational behavior, 5th edn, South-Western, Cincinnati, Ohio. Balan, S Vreja, LO 2013, 'The Trompenaars Seven-Dimension Cultural Model And Cultural Orientations Of Romanian Students In Management', Proceedings of the 7th International Management Conference, "New Management for the New Economy", Bucharest, Romania. Cebuc, G Iosif, L-C 2008, 'Cultural Diversity In The European Business Environment EU-US Comparison', Romanian Economic and Business Review , vol III, no. 1, pp. 18-33. Chaney, LH Martin, JS 2011, Intercultural business communication, 5th edn, Prentice Hall. DiRienzo, CE, Das, J, Cort, KT Burbridge, J 2007, 'Corruption and the Role of Information', Journal of International Business Studies, vol II, no. 38, pp. 320-332. Fowers, BJ Davidov, BJ 2006, 'The virtue of multiculturalism: Personal transformation, character, and openness to other ', American Psychologist, vol 61, no. 6, pp. 581-594. Gorodnichenko, Y Roland, G 2010, 'Culture, Institutions and the Wealth of Nations', CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 8013. Hofstede, G 2011, 'Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context ', Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, vol I, no. 2, pp. 2-26. Hofstede, G Hofstede, GJ 2005, Cultures and organizations, McGraw-Hill, London. Kawar, TI 2012, 'Cross-cultural Differences in Management ', International Journal of Business and Social Science , vol III, no. 6, pp. 105-111. Lumby, J 2006, 'International perspectives on leadership and management', Management in Education, vol 20, no. 4, pp. 7-10. Neelankavil, JP, Mathur, A Zhang, Y 2000, 'Determinants of Managerial Performance: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Perceptions of Middle-Level Managers in Four Countries', Journal of International Business Studies, vol I, no. 31, pp. 121-140. Peterson, B 2004, Cultural intelligence: A guide to working with people from other cultures, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, ME. Tompkins, D, Galbraith, D Tompkins, P, 'Universalism, Particularism and cultural self-awareness: a comparison of American and Turkish university students ', Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies , pp. 1-8. Trompenaars, F Hampden-Turner, C 1997, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, 2nd edn, Nicholas Brealey Publishing Limited, London and Santa Rosa. Wycoff, J 2004, 'The Big Ten Innovation Killers and How to Keep Your Innovation System Alive and Well', The Innovation Network.

Whats New in Neve 2.0 A Look at the New Features in Our Flagship WordPress Theme

When we released our Neve theme in September 2018, we wanted to give you a lightning fast theme built for a new era of web development. We havent been resting on our laurels, though, and in the ten months since that initial release, weve been hard at work making Neve the ultimate WordPress theme for beginners and experts.Today, were finally ready to reveal Neve 2.0s exciting features designed to give you total control over your web building experience. 🎉 Weve also continued to add Elementor and Block Editor options to make it easy to build your website according to your goals and vision, and weve also added more starter sites, so you can get your sites up and running quickly without sacrificing any quality or attractiveness.Were excited about these enhancements to Neves core flexibility, and we think its our most impressive theme yet. In fact, we were so excited that we used Neve when we redesigned the ThemeIsle site. So, without further ado, lets dive in to see what you can achieve with Neve.Heres what you get with the Neve 2.0 themeNeve is a lightweight theme with AMP integration and page builder compatibility.The new drag-and-drop Header and Footer builder  helps you build the perfect site from head to toe.You can customize your layouts and page widths with the LayoutBooster feature.The new BlogBooster feature adds controls and features to give you more control over your blogs layout and appearance.Neves WooBooster adds more options for your WooCommerce store to present your products in a more attractive light.The new typography controls give you more control over your headings and text, including text-transform.Youll get  more color controls than ever before.Neves  built-in mega menu functionality  helps you add the menu style that Nielsen says  helps you sell more (or meet other business goals.You can get started faster than ever with  more importable demo sites built with Elementor or the WordPress Block Editor (Gutenberg).The all-new Pro Add-on gives you even more options for the BlogBooster, WooBooster, Advanced Custom Layouts, and more.Neve is translation ready with the seal of approval from both WPML  and  Weglot,All of the new features complement and build upon the original theme to increase the adaptability without sacrificing the speed.Lets take a deeper look at some of these new featuresHeader and Footer BuilderWhen it comes to your relationship with your users, few elements are more important than the header. This is often the first thing people see and it has a huge impact on users journeys. Unfortunately, the header was also one of the most challenging elements to change. Thats all changed with Neve 2.0s Header and Footer Builder.Now, you can build your header by dragging and dropping all the important elements in the real-time WordPress Customizer. Youll be able to create a header that is unique to your brand without sacrificing any of the usability that keeps visitors on your site. Plus, youll fi nd it easier than ever to keep up with trends and changing tastes.Each of the components is highly customizable and we love the menu style options. You can change all of the style elements in your menu right from the Customizer:Better yet, you can build unique header layouts for mobile and desktop right from the Customizer. You can also control the padding and margins for each individual element to help you get the perfect placement.Neve 2.0 layout optionsWith Neve 2.0, you will enjoy a new range of options for your page layouts. The binary option of narrow and full-width is more diverse with options to control the container width on individual pages.You will be able to design and adapt your layout according to function. For example, you can ensure your blog prioritizes readability with narrow pages while retaining a distraction-free shopping experience on your WooCommerce product or shop pages. The simple click-and-slide interface will help you create the perfect balance for your e ntire range of content.Blog layout optionsThe new blog layout options in Neve 2.0 are perfect for content creators who are interested in playing with their metadata.Neve has three grid options with more options available for the number of columns and masonry layouts. You can also set the perfect teaser with control over the excerpt length.And if you have a lot of content, you will also enjoy the ability to set infinite scroll or page numbers in the post pagination options. Finally, you can control the content order and metadata to get the perfect look every time.For your single posts, you can order or remove any of the elements, from the title and metadata through to the thumbnail or even the content itself:WooCommerce shop and product controlsYoull now have more control than ever over your WooCommerce shop and product pages. You can experiment with different sidebar layouts or container widths to find the combo that maximizes your stores shopping experience:Beyond that, you can add exclusive products to your single products pages to promote different categories from your product range.Elementor and Block Editor integrationsWeve recognized the arrival of the new WordPress block editor and the continued popularity of page builders with Neves back-to-front integrations. Whether you work in the back-end or the front-end, you will enjoy the editing experience that brings WYSIWYG editing closer to reality.By displaying Neves settings in the editor, youll enjoy a safer, closer alignment with your front-end. Whether you want to change widths or drop a sidebar, you will be able to do it in the back-end for your posts, products, and pages.Beyond that, you can pair Neve with Otter Blocks to get CSS animations and Neve specific blocks for your pages: Gutenberg Blocks and Template Library by Otter Author(s): ThemeIsleCurrent Version: 1.2.5Last Updated: September 10, 2019otter-blocks.zip 96%Ratings 113,328Downloads WP 5.0+Requires More importable starter sitesWe kn ow that WordPress is good for a diverse range of sites; from blogs, eCommerce stores, charities, corporate sites, and more.To help you get started no matter what your niche is, Neve has a diverse range of starter sites available right from the WordPress dashboard; no plugins required. Whats more, you can choose between sites built with the native block editor or the Elementor page builder, so that you can always have your preferred editing experience.And with Neve 2.0, you get more importable demo sites than ever before. Here are some of the new options:DoctorsRestaurantCharityHeres what you get with the Neve 2.0 Pro add-onEverything above is available for free, but were also adding some new goodies for people who purchase the new Pro add-on.  It will bring more adaptability and control with advanced options for bloggers, shop owners, and agencies.Heres what youll get with Neve Pro:Use on unlimited domains, fair use applies, available with every plan.Scroll-to-top to help your use rs return to the top of the page quickly (all plans).More Header and Footer options like a sticky or transparent menu, page header builder, social icons component and many more (all plans).Advanced Custom Layout builder which allows users to create their own custom layouts (using either Gutenberg, Elementor or custom PHP code) and use those layouts as headers or footers for the site, or place them in any of the custom hook locations available in the theme (all plans).Full access to BlogBooster module (all plans).Full access to WooBooster module which brings in some new exciting features like products videos, wishlist, multiple shop layouts, distraction-free checkout and more (Business and Agency plans only).White label functionality for agencies looking to add their branding across the entire site (Agency plans only). Check out Neve ProHow to get Neve 2.0If you want to try the new Neve 2.0, you can get started with the free verson at WordPress.org: Download Neve Free VersionGive Nev e 2.0 a try and share your thoughtsSo, thats all of the features you will find in Neve 2.0. Were excited to share all of the developments with you and we hope you will try it.After you try Neve, wed love to hear about it. If you built a new site with Neve, then drop us a line with the link; wed love to see how you used it to achieve your goals. Looking for a #WordPress theme? Check out what's new in Neve 2.0 Click To Tweet If you have any questions, or you need some more information, then we recommend joining us in the Neve Facebook Group, where experienced and new users alike come together to share hints and tips. Looking forward to seeing you there.Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Free Essays on Flappers

The Flappers The flapper Era, characterized by women who reacted against their social position in the 1800’s, marked a drastic change for women in America during the 1920’s. Dorothy Parker, a Flapper herself, depicted the ideas and emotions of this new social group of women during the 1920’s through the use of ‘wisecracks’. The values and reactions to the role of women in the 1800’s are defined below. Unlike the 1800’s, women in the 1920’s began to demand more respect from men and from life in general. This is when women clearly revealed that they did not want to worship every man’s step. Since the women could not voice their feelings flappers would do so through their writings. Parker angrily pointed out that she hoped to meet a man who did not desire to express his feelings concerning other women in the presence of his female friend. She would indirectly frame men as bring unsympathetic and uncompassionate towards women. She made a stand for all the other flappers and said she would no longer tolerate the inconsiderate behavior of men towards women. The flappers coveted the admiration, be men, as equals. They cut their hair short, went clubbing, and smoking cigarettes. Despite early attempts for equality, the granting of women’s rights took more than a century to achieve. Flappers like Dorothy Parker caused a new rebellious social group who dramatically differed from the early submissive women during the 1800’s.... Free Essays on Flappers Free Essays on Flappers The Flappers The flapper Era, characterized by women who reacted against their social position in the 1800’s, marked a drastic change for women in America during the 1920’s. Dorothy Parker, a Flapper herself, depicted the ideas and emotions of this new social group of women during the 1920’s through the use of ‘wisecracks’. The values and reactions to the role of women in the 1800’s are defined below. Unlike the 1800’s, women in the 1920’s began to demand more respect from men and from life in general. This is when women clearly revealed that they did not want to worship every man’s step. Since the women could not voice their feelings flappers would do so through their writings. Parker angrily pointed out that she hoped to meet a man who did not desire to express his feelings concerning other women in the presence of his female friend. She would indirectly frame men as bring unsympathetic and uncompassionate towards women. She made a stand for all the other flappers and said she would no longer tolerate the inconsiderate behavior of men towards women. The flappers coveted the admiration, be men, as equals. They cut their hair short, went clubbing, and smoking cigarettes. Despite early attempts for equality, the granting of women’s rights took more than a century to achieve. Flappers like Dorothy Parker caused a new rebellious social group who dramatically differed from the early submissive women during the 1800’s....

Best practices in Critical Thinking and Decision Making Essay

Best practices in Critical Thinking and Decision Making - Essay Example It involves gathering of information, analysis, evaluation and application of the information obtained in the process of critical thinking, and finally arriving at a final decision. According to Carter (1973), â€Å"Critical thinking is thinking that proceeds on the basis of careful evaluation of premises and evidence and comes to conclusions as objectively as possible through the consideration of all pertinent factors and the use of valid procedures from logic.† Decision-making is a process where the individual arrives at a solution to a given problem by evaluating information. A decision can be arrived at through analysis, discussions and debates. A review of the process of critical thinking and decision making makes it clear that a quality decision cannot be arrived at without critical thinking. In the absence of critical thinking, entire details of a situation may not be available and the best solution may be hard to find. Decision making involves balancing of quantitative and qualitative data and using our judgment to make the right choice. It is here that critical thinking helps. Critical thinking puts our knowledge of a particular situation or problem into a proper perspective. It helps us to understand the subject by filling the gaps in information and revealing the significance of the assumptions we have made about the subject. When there are many options available to us it is difficult to choose. A final and informed decision can be arrived at when we have a full understanding of the subject. Critical thinking helps you to do just that by providing us with the consequences and implications of various options. Critical thinkers use the power of reasoning to dissect complex problems and make things simple. Critical thinking contributes towards avoiding mistakes and making one aware of opportunities available. Critical thinking requires practice. It is not mere thinking. To be a

Black & Decker - Eastern Hemisphere and the ADP Initiative Case Study

Black & Decker - Eastern Hemisphere and the ADP Initiative - Case Study Example Lancaster knows that to beat the competition, the Eastern Hemisphere organization would need to build its own internal capacity which starts from the top, its executives. Black & Decker was fully committed to improving the performance of its Eastern Hemisphere as demonstrated by its commitment to spend nearly $80 million to set up its Singapore headquarters and build factories in Singapore, India and China (Morrison and Black 3). Unfortunately for Lancaster, these growth plans would lead to significant increase in employment opportunities whose large percentage would be for management positions (Morrison and Black 4), which was the Eastern Hemisphere’s Achilles’ heel. From analyzing the intensity of competition in Asia, Lancaster understood that the Eastern Hemisphere would require a new kind of managers, those who freely share ideas and expertise across the company, nurture and develop careers for their subordinates within the organization while remaining fiercely committed to business unit performance. Lancaster’s cause for concern was that there was a major disparity in management styles within the Eastern Hemisphere. Moreover, some of the managers were out rightly bad managers. With so many management styles it would be difficult to effectively execute organizational strategies at the lower levels of the firm. Another concern was the apparent lack of opportunities for growth and development made available to staff members. Lancaster noticed that 70 percent of management and supervisory roles were filled by outsiders (Morrison and Black 4). The ADP would infuse into the Eastern Hemisphere several best practices that would strengthen the management function. First of all the 3600 view would give managers more in-depth knowledge of their employees. With this knowledge they will be able to more effectively assist their staff to grow, develop and attain their career objectives while improving the performance of their business units. Fo r example, from the 3600 view would give managers information which they could use to create better teams, identify employees who were ready for more leadership opportunities and so on. This would reduce the need for seeking managers and supervisors externally since the organization will have identified and nurtured talent from within. Secondly, the entire ADP process increases staff awareness of the 14 different performance dimensions. With increased awareness it can be expected that management and other staff at the Eastern Hemisphere would naturally be motivated to improve themselves which would indirectly lead to an overall better organizational performance. What concerns do Asian managers have about ADP? How substantive are these concerns? Asian managers have numerous concerns about ADP. The substantive concerns are the following: culture, language barrier, heterogeneity of the region and scarce opportunities for development. The non-substantive ones are: managers having limite d time to handle ADP, presence of many managers who are used to performing their duties in a certain way and notion that it is too radical a change. These are non-substantive because they are often cited as reasons for maintaining status quo. On the other hand, culture is among the most acknowledged and researched challenges for global business. In Asian cultures subordinates are not to question their seniors. This essentially removes the ability of a manager and his subordinate to be either open or criticize each other. The ADP cannot work without this sincere conversation between subordinates and their superiors. Language barrier is huge especially outside Singapore where almost all countries have their own unique dialect.

What Is The Ultimate Basis Of Religious Belief Philosophy Essay

What Is The Ultimate Basis Of Religious Belief Philosophy Essay In the article, Are Men ever directly aware of God, James considered mystical states of consciousness as the centre and root of personal religious experiences which encompasses spectrum of experiences, from the unspiritual to the most devotedly profound.  One of his arguments is that, we, humans, are in control of what we believe. This can be cross-referenced from his humanistic perspective in psychology. Moreover, he started his piece by defining the expression, mystical states of consciousness. He built his paper by creating a valid topic of investigation and study by defining mystical states of consciousness as real experiences, which is available to most people. And to prevent verbal disputation and recrimination of the loosely-defined words mysticism and mystical, he proposed four marks that an experience must have to be considered one. He started with ineffability which stresses the defiance of expression in order for the experience not to be mistaken as a state of feeling. Moreover, it must be directly experienced; cannot be transferred to others and the no words can be used to describe it. Noetic quality, on the other hand, which is also so similar to states of feeling, says that mystics experience a state of knowledge, not just an intellectual aha moment. It is all encompassing knowledge which is the knowledge of the Unity that fuses even contradictory thoughts to a whole which penetrates the mystics backbone. Subject claims that they have experience revelations and insights into virtual truths. Transiency and passivity are less sharply marked, but are also usually found in mystical religious experiences. Transiency is a state that cannot be sustained for long; it fades rapidly, and remains out of reach. However, some memory content always remains, and this can be used to modify the interior life of the subject between the instant of their recurrence. When in a mystical experience, individuals do not seem to keenly process the data. It is a passive experience; the subject feels a loss of control, and of being in the grasp of superior command James fourth mark. These four qualities mark is what he called, the mystical group. These four marks of mystics and mysticism state forms a distinct region of consciousness. Later, James goes on to suggest that these experiences occur as our field of consciousness increases. James offers variety of experiences that he wants to categorize as mystical, extending from the most trivial to the most important. And he cited examples of their lower grades. He relates this to the power of poetry and music. He also mentioned dà ©jà   vu, a sudden feeling which sometimes sweeps over us of having  been there before. He sees this sort of experience as making us imprecisely conscious of the likelihood of things beyond our normal perceptions. There are degrees of what James calls  mystical consciousness. For these, the writer merely quotes from people who have experienced them. One of the subjects describes being visited by trance states in which awareness of the world was annihilated, leaving a sharp awareness of the self. This brings him to the contemplation of what we to-day call drug-induced states, the consciousness produced by intoxicants and anaesthetics, especially by alcohol. The writer states that his own experience of  nitrous oxide intoxication  has led him to the conclusion that our normal waking consciousness is but one especial type of consciousness. Continuing his survey, James now reaches  religious mysticism pure and simple. This is where the experience is of the presence of God. As one of the writers quoted says, I was aware that I was immersed in the infinite ocean of God. He completes his survey of the range of mystical experiences by looking at  its methodical cultivation as a component of the religious life. He starts with yoga, the experimental union of the individual with the divine  and the various levels of contemplation in Buddhism. Then he goes on to quote at considerable length an account that offers insight into Sufism. Finally, the writer comes to the mystical theology of Catholicism as exemplified in three Iberian mystics, St John of the Cross, St Ignatius Loyola and St Teresa of Avila. Two concerns that the writer dwells on are sense of revelation and tonic effects of mystical states Illumination and Ecstasy. Thus St Teresa reports on the one hand on receiving privileged insights, and on the other hand on experiencing rapture of the mind and senses. Moreover, five negatives have been described; however, the main benefit that James seems to see in all this is an  overcoming of all the usual barriers between the individual and the Absolute. There is oneness and both parties are aware of it. Before concluding, he characterized the general traits of the mystic range of consciousness as whole pantheistic, optimistic, anti-naturalistic and harmonizes best with twice-borness and the so-called worldly states of mind. In conclusion, the writer made three points. First, the subjects of mystical experiences are themselves totally convinced by them. Second, there is no reason why other people should share that conviction for different subjects experiences generate different messages. James suggests that mystical experiences, viewed overall, are non-specific in doctrinal content. Third, mystical experiences prevent us from rejecting out of hand the possibility of a world beyond our senses. The supernaturalism to which they persuade us may, interpreted in one way or another. The significance of keeping the meaning of mystical states of consciousness value-neutral was pointed out by James. Furthermore, he explains that all mystical experience, whether positive or negative, deserves recognition as available states of consciousness. He does not debate whether they are a superior or inferior form of consciousness; instead he points out that mystical states include truth and deceit, gratification and pain. His approach is subjective rather than objective and I think he makes some valid points concerning how we judge the faith claim by other people. It was right to respect the personal belief of serious spiritual believers; likewise it is right that what they believe to be true should not be imposed on anyone for them to believe. We all have spiritual needs that somehow, someway when put together build our fragmenting self. Furthermore, he didnt investigate developed patterns of various religions rather he was interested on the experiences that formed the basis of the formal expressions. He has no time for time-honored religion, or theology, rather, he focuses on the mystical, individual life-changing experiences people have in sensing the presence of a higher power. He gave a humane analysis which cleared the empiricists. Indeed, he sets it as his task to evaluate whether religion is good as a social force, and concludes that it is, though with some important caveats. This leaves us with an essential account of what religion truly means and the way in which it is or can be intertwined with social, political and other factors. It lets us unravel such threads in an effective way, and shows us that religion in its essence is not the cause behind all the worlds evil and or good. Rather, religion is a fundamental dimension of consciousness. He concludes that there are other types of truth that we are not usually conscious of and that mystical states give us some hint. Moreover, it interesting that he appears to rebuff and demonstrate flaws in every proof of Gods existence but at the same time believes God is real because He has genuine effects. In his paper, religion was examined from a purely pragmatic perspective. It focused on the individual connection of one individual to the heavenly. Moreover, it was remarkable that the characteristics of religious experience were connected to a range of other phenomena such as drunkenness, ghostly visions, optimism and diseases without any anti-religious schema. It offers less in terms of experimental results since it is impossible to agree on an epistemological point of reference for spiritual matters. So, he provides a virtual catalog of anecdotal references from which to deduce his observations. His answer, of course, is an assorted bag, a cognitive dissonance that is tentatively positive, but not definitively so. This article is not just an assessment but a search for the legitimacy of religion, the reality, and the unity. It is neither an endorsement nor a tearing-down; it does not walk with a particular faith. It is a scientific and philosophic look at religion and one that does not simply dismiss faith as foolish primitive garbage. A foremost flaw in the work is that he dispatches entirely with the historical, institutional, and intellectual mechanisms of religious praxis. While it could be said that these components were anterior to his psychological concern, the manner in which they are done demonstrates a narrow purview of what religion is. Despite this admirable aspiration for reconciliation, he leaves the reader uncertain of what road to take. No matter what his convictions, systematic theology will never voluntarily submit itself to the methodological considerations of empirical science, nor vice versa. Perhaps only in the past decades has the passion for disproving religion subsided enough to allow researchers to make meaningful steps in dialogue between the disciplines. Additionally, his breakdown of four common attributes of the mystical experience primarily the noetic quality, have really been a useful in assessing ones mystical experience. On the other hand, the article A skeptical View of Mysticism by Bertrand Russell started with a presentation of another possible source of knowledge in religion aside from science, which may be properly described as revelation. According to him, we accept the results of studies as truths which we have never conducted or had firsthand experience, and so, mystics might also claim that their source of knowledge is also unquestionable. He admitted that this point is difficult to argue because, people who have mystical experiences would justify that their claim as unquestionable as so with scientific findings of people. Furthermore, he compared the verifiability of science over religion and says that it is useless to attempt an argument that will appeal to the man who has himself enjoyed mystic illumination. He emphasized the importance of the scientific ways of acquiring knowledge as opposed to mystical experiences which cannot be tested. He also stressed the point that mystical experiences are not transferable, so, science should have no expectation as to the result. Moreover, he raised the point on our acceptance of truth, that we, as critical thinkers should not recognize things/events as true without sufficient evidence and has not passed the intra- and inter- subjectivity tests. However, this can also be contradicted by mystics by saying that science should be neutral and should view theirs on their procedures. Furthermore, he stated that the chief argument in favor of the mystics is their agreement with each other. However, mystics vary in the way they give verbal expressions to their experiences, and so he enumerated three things that successful mystics maintain. First, all division and separateness is unreal, and that the universe is a highly indivisible unity. Second, the evil is illusionary, and the illusion arises through falsely regarding a part of self-subsident. And lastly, the time is unreal, and that reality is eternal, not in the sense of being everlasting, but in the sense of being wholly outside time. These traits, however, according to him are just representative sample of the whole. Russell built further arguments by instructing the readers to image that they are in a law-court, seeking to decide on the credibility of the witnesses who claims to assert these three assertions. He demonstrates an argument, makes the possible reaction of both sides, then critics it. He started with the differences of the belief of mystics wherein he cited examples such as the Virgin of the Christians which would be disagreed by Protestants, the Archangel Gabriel and such. Indeed, Christians, Muslims, Buddhist, etc. would discredit and brand each other as untrustworthy. However, he said that mystics would argue that everyone should respect each others belief and wouldnt focus in their differences but instead look unto their similarities to strengthen their claim concentrating on the above mention things they tend to uphold. Then he asks what test can be applied to their unanimous evidence. Russell said that first hand information is vital in order to make someone believe your claim and this is promised by scientific investigations. Nonetheless, this questions yields to various answers such as a receptive frame of the mind, humility, fasting religious mediation, and breathing exercise. And so, if we succeeded, according to Russell, to feel in a certain time that time is unreal and experienced a state of mind that they describe, how then, shall we assess its reliability when we reverse to our normal states? Furthermore, mystics agree about the unreality of time. Russell said that if time is unreal, there would be no sequence of events and the cause and effect relationship of what we do would be nonsense. Our time markers for time such as before, after, tomorrow would become just mere utterances. Therefore, there would be no events; were just lost in the vastness of the cosmos, embracing what is said to be real in the temporal world. And if so, there would be neither improvement nor deterioration, no distinction between sorrow and happiness. And such views, according to Russell exterminate not only science but prudence, hope and effort which does not go along with what is important to religion morality and worldly wisdom. Mystics, however, would not accept this conclusion but urge doctrines which teach such. Russell cited Dean Inges disagreement with the region that focuses on evolution that stresses temporal process. Russell found himself in harmony with Inge, however, sought more than that, more inferences. It is imperative not to distort the doctrine of mysticism, in which the author thinks, there is a core of wisdom. Let us see how it seeks to avoid the extreme consequences which seem to follow from the denial of time, said Russell. The philosophy from Parmenides to Hegel is an example wherein the distinction between what he calls, reality and appearance, the way of truth and opinion. Difficulties could arise, however, at this point because if the relationship between them would become so intimate, all things whether pleasant or not would have their counterparts in reality, and if the relation is too limited, inferences cannot be made about the character of appearance to reality and reality would be vague Unknowable. On the other hand, he said that pantheism would be very difficult to avoid for Christians because if the world is only apparent, God created nothing, and the reality corresponding to the world is a part of God; but if the world is in any degree real and distinct from God, we abandon the wholeness of everything, which is an essential doctrine of mysticism, and we are compelled to suppose that, in so far as the world is real, the evil which it contains is also real. The Bishop of Birminghan also rejected all sorts of pantheism because if a man is actually a part of god, the evil in man is also God. Russell then moves to another argument which is the mystics denial of the world of sense. Assuming that the world reality is used in the context of law-courts, there would be no doubts in rejecting their claims because of the inconsistency of their testimonies and mundane moments. This resulted to the scrutiny of another sense which is emotion. And what Russell claims is that mysticism is an emotion and not a fact which does not assert anything and cannot be confirmed nor contradicted with science. Furthermore, he reiterated that science only demands a person on normal eyesight, normal consciousness, and normal behavior as opposed to religion which demands physical, psychological and mental alteration. He therefore concluded that mystical states which demands abnormal physical condition are just abnormal perceptions while normal perception, which is proved to aid in our life have correspondence with fact. He said that mystical experiences as emotions may have been the one responsible for providing breath, calmness and profundity wherein self-centered desires are dead, and the mind serves as a mirror of the infiniteness of the cosmos. And the assertions from these feelings are inessential for he cannot accept any method of arriving at the truth except of science. And that evil and good may have rooted from false beliefs. This article remains too rigid makes it sure that science is the only way of knowing things. Russell, till the very end of his article asserted that he cant accept other ways to verify the truth of a claim. This I disagree. As much as philosophy is concerned, I am deeply inclined of why David Hume included emotions and ideas as source of truth and or knowledge. No one, till now have solved this misery, I guess. Indeed, we are aware of the development of the pragmatic theory of truth which however, failed because of the relativity of human behavior. As the famous quotation goes, Experience is the best teacher. And I believe that there are things which we cannot share or make other people to believe because of the individual differences and experiences we have. We are unique individuals not just in our thoughts but in the biological foundation DNA. We even dont know ourselves much thats why we still use Freuds unconscious mind. Freuds theories were never proven correct; however, it is still used because nothing was used to verify its credibility. Same goes with religion, the metaphysical concepts that they have introduced has affected our lives and thats why we believe in it. It is faith, and we dont question it. Moreover, the contemporary issues that have arisen were about the dispute between evolution and creationism. It is a common misconception that they are contradictory to each other. That one must believe and choose between the two. We must take into account that evolution answers the question HOW and creationism answers the question WHO. Furthermore, I believe on both yet I am more convinced on creationism. Just like mysticism which miracles comes on unexpected times, felt the power and the good feeling it brings, the innate satisfaction and joy which is beyond comprehension is a manifestation that there divine intervention. This I believe on religion that there is divine being who makes all things possible which also depends on the persons beliefs and acts. It is the core of wisdom and knowledge that is applied to do the right thing or the other way around. It is the application of what we learn and experienced that leads us to what we believe and wanted to happen. What we act, do is nothing unless we can discern if it is right or wrong. This is what keeps us moving, changing, and progressing. This, however, when not carefully considered also cause adverse effects. I would like to connect this with Julian Rotters Locus of Control which tests whether individuals are governed by themselves or by faith or destiny. Because of my assertions in this paper, you may say that I have low locus of control, that my philosophies in life are dependent upon external situations.. Actually not, I am in the middle. I believe that I am responsible for my life; I am in control of what happens in my life. However, we cannot deny the fact that we are cultured affected by social interactions. As Plato has said, we are social animals. Furthermore, everything happens for a reason, everything in life is so interconnected. I have met people whom I wasnt connected to for 6 years and now weve become best of friends. Though, I believe that I am the one in control of my life, my beliefs however, are affected by outside forces, I have learned much from Russells argument; however, I am firm with my stand that we are free to choose about our basis of religious belief. He should not be enmeshed in determining if religious experiences might or might not be true, but should determine whether anything practical results from them. Finally, both of the essays have classified religious belief as emotion, and it is. The only difference is that the first accepted it in a humanistic way and the other has done it otherwise. Now, what is my ultimate basis of religious belief? It is subjective spiritual rather than existential. We have our own beliefs but its how we act that matters, how it affect ourselves and the people around us. Its the truth of life that matters. Science itself does not claim that they are the ultimate truth; they only claim that they are presenting the best interpretation of things so far. So does with religion, it is the best way we have interpreted our faith so far.