Virgin Australia Airline Management Report - 4253 Words

Virgin Australia Airline Report Report on external environment and management functions Taffy Ghozali, Hafizhah Chandra Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to examine Virgin Blue’s external environment followed by its impacts to the organization as well as how management functions could help overcome the external environment for the organization to compete properly in the domestic airline market. Virgin Australia is Australia’s second largest domestic airline, commenced in operations back in 2000 as a low-cost carrier (LCC) and has successfully survived in the market. Major shareholders include Air New Zealand, Singapore Airline and Etihad Airways. The airline rebranded in 2011 as a part of their 5-year turnaround†¦show more content†¦In continuation, Duncan’s framework for assessing environmental uncertainty, which examines the environment from environmental change and complexity perspective, will be used to further analyze the type of external environment and thus methods to overcome and adapt to it. All resources from external environment will be adopted to Fayol’s 4 management functions starting from planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The aftermath of this adoption would result in completing best performance for the organization and thus compete effectively. The model is shown at the figure below: | External Environment | Task (s pecific):Industry sectorAirline rivals Virgin Australia and Qantas are intensifying their competition in domestic market – Qantas developed Jetstar to enter LCC while Virgin aims to go up market (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg amp; Coulter,2011)..Raw materials sectorAviation fuel price has increased over the period of 2004 to 2013 in the domestic market, from $AUD41.5 to $AUD140 per barrel (O’Sullivan, 2012).market sectorDomestic airfares decreased since mid 2011 to 2012 period while number of passengers increase by 4.5% from 2011 to 2013 (Aspire Aviation, 2013).human resources sectorCashed-up miners are taking top IT talents to their businesses, leaving Virgin Australia in search for staff to complete majorShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of The Client Virgin Australia1487 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In this business report, the management problem and research needs of the client Virgin Australia will be presented, as well as research about the company and its industry in order to proceed with market research in solving the management problem. Virgin Australia has many sources of information to be consulted, and they have no limitations on the type of research methods used. The budget for this project is approximately $60,000, and this project is to be completed by 1 July 2016. Read MoreMarketing Situational Analysis Report5166 Words   |  21 PagesGSBS 6005 Situational Analysis Report VIRGIN AUSTRALIA Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. Product line†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. Market analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3.1 Target market analysis 3.2 Market share 3.3 size and growth 4. Market mix strategy analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. Competitor analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5.1 Analyze Qantas 5.2 Analyze Tiger 6. Macro environment analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. SWOT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8. IssueRead MoreStrategic Management and Virgin Australia Essay5965 Words   |  24 PagesVirgin Australia Written Group Strategic Case Study 24th May 2012 MNGT2001 Alixandara Sutherland Laura Tumbers Katie Horne Laura Field Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to provide a strategic evaluation of the company Virgin Australia. The report begins by conducting a strategic analysis of Virgin, including an analysis of the external environment and an internal analysis of competitive strengths and weaknesses. The report then identifies the strategic directionRead MoreAn Evaluation of Virgin Australia Airlines in the Low Cost Airline Industry4888 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ An evaluation Virgin Australia Airline within the low cost airline industry Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd formerly known as Blue Australia Airline is a private low-cost air transport carrier branding itself as Virgin Australia. Established in 2000, and the company offers both local passenger air transportation and international operation service. The vision of Virgin Australia is to revolutionize the air travel market by providing excellent service and seamlessRead Moreauditing case study--Virgin Australia Essay3783 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Executive Summary This report analyses Virgin Australia (ASX code VAH) and identifies its potential business and audit risks that will need to be addressed in the 2014 audit. It is presented to the Virgin Australia Audit Committee as part of the 2014 Audit planning process. The first part of this report provides a broad introduction into the business of Virgin Australian by examining its principal sources of revenue, its nature of operating, its competitors, the market share and the regulationsRead MoreFinal Mngp4155 Words   |  17 PagesVirgin Australia Written Group Strategic Case Study 24th May 2012 MNGT2001 Alixandara Sutherland Laura Tumbers Katie Horne Laura Field Executive Summary Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Strategic analysis 1. External analysis 1. General environment 2. Specific environment 2. Internal analysis 1. Competitive strengths 2. Competitive position in the market 3. Weaknesses Read MoreBusiness Analysis Management Project Management1484 Words   |  6 PagesHigh versatile and solutions focused with the skills and expertise needed to enhance workflow management, operational processes, improve reporting services, and to deliver on new IT systems and application deployments. Benefits from having been at the forefront of project delivery, working within a PMO setting and driving initial requirements through to go-live and support. Proven change management skills, working across the organisation to garner buy-in at all levels. Clear and confident communicatorRead MoreVirgin Blue: Industry and Company Analysis5668 Words   |  23 Pages1. Executive Summary The following report is a comprehensive industry and company analysis of the Australian domestic airline industry and in particular Virgin Blue. The purpose of this report is to determine the success of Virgin Blue in the domestic airline industry and how it plans to position itself into the future. Success in this report is about being competitive and innovative in a challenging environment in order to meet the company’s desired goals. In order to be successful and to meetRead MoreObservation of Virgin Company4170 Words   |  17 Pages1. Introduction Virgin Airways or Virgin Australia is a member of Virgin Group which was established by Richard Branson in 1970 with various sectors such as mobile telephony, transportation, travel, financial services, media, music, fitness and tourism. Virgin Australia was first put into operation on 31 August 2000 by the first flight DJ214 from Brisbane to Sydney. On that date, the company just had one route, two aircraft and a team of 200 people. Neil Chatfield, who has an extensive experienceRead MoreBusiness Concepts Of Qantas Airways1618 Words   |  7 Pagesassessment also includes SWOT Analysis of Qantas Airways and its competitive approach towards its competitor. The assignment includes understanding the corporate strategy of Qantas Airways in respect to its domestic and international markets. The report also includes accounting policies that are necessary in aviation industries. The assessment then evaluates the financial position of Qantas Airways for the year 2013 and 2016. The comparison of the performance for the two years has also been done

My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing - 1607 Words

Introduction As long as I am working in this profession, my philosophy of nursing will always be a work in progress. However, it all started to develop years before I became a nurse. When I was 19-years-old, I became pregnant and decided I wanted to keep the baby. At my 20 week prenatal appointment, the doctor could not detect a heartbeat so he completed an ultrasound. He informed me instead of a fetus, I had a mass of cysts in my uterus which contained the pregnancy hormone. Since these cysts contained beta hCG, they made my body think it was pregnant when in fact, I actually had a type of uterine cancer. Over the next three years, I had five surgeries, seven rounds of chemotherapy and multiple trips to the emergency room because I would hemorrhage. While most people my age were going to college, I spent what felt like an endless amount of time in hospitals. During that time, it became evident to me that out of everyone involved in my care, the nurses had the greatest impact on my day to day lif e. That moment of clarity was when I decided instead of being a teacher, I wanted to be a nurse. I truly believe being a patient first gave me a very unique perspective on nursing. It created the framework for values, beliefs, and practices which I still follow anytime I care for someone. Nature of Human Beings Human beings are very diverse, which at times can make them a hard population to care for and/or educate about caring for themselves. Imagine for a moment that you are aShow MoreRelatedPersonal Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1475 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing When one thinks of a nurse they often think of a caring, compassionate, knowledgeable individual. They don’t often think that every nurse comes from different situation, past experiences, and life changing events that make nurses who he or she is. Everyone on this earth is unique and has something to contribute. The same goes for patients. Each patient has a different background and have different interests which make them who they are. In order to give the optimalRead MorePersonal Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1190 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Megan A. Farrell Moberly Area Community College Introduction I, Megan Farrell, am currently a Licensed Practical Nurse at a treatment center that works with prisoners. I accepted a clinical positon here as a graduate, but plan to work in a hospital setting once I have become a Registered Nurse working in the Intensive Care Unit. I quickly worked my way up the latter from the clinic nurse to the Chronic Care nurse and I am quite passionate about furtherRead MoreMy Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1093 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy is a distinct disciple on its own right, and all disciplines can claim their own philosophical bases that form guidelines for their goal† (Meleis, 2012, p. 28). In simpler terms, philosophy is your worldview and thought process of life. Our philosophy transcends into our beliefs and values’, examining our philosophy allows us to discover what is important to us and helps define priorities and goals (Meleis, 2012, p.28). Being aware of our philosophy creates individuality in each personRead MoreNursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing932 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Nursing My personal philosophy of nursing began at an early age watching my mother volunteer for 25 years on the local rescue squad, following in the footsteps of her mother. I learned that helping others in a time of need should always be a priority. Respect and dignity should always be shown to people, no matter the who they are or where they are from. I have and will continue to show compassion for others while administering professional holistic care, guided by the AmericanRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1304 Words   |  6 PagesMy Personal Nursing Philosophy A nursing philosophy is concepts or values that a nurse embraces within his/her practice and allows these concepts and values to shape the way he/she practices nursing and drives the purpose of their nursing care. It is important for each nurse to develop his/her philosophy of nursing to be a purpose driven nurse. Each nurse will have his/her own nurse philosophy because each believes differently. Nursing philosophies might come from different understandings butRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1053 Words   |  5 PagesThis aforementioned are the podium upon which the value and philosophies of the success of each profession is based. These philosophies and values do not operate in a vacuum. They influence the way which professionals carry out their day to day activities for maximum success. Consequently, Nursing and Nurses are not immune to the great influence of values and philosophies, be it at personal or corporate levels. This is because, nursing as a profession d eals with the constant interaction with patients;Read MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing949 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Nursing My inspiration to pursue a career in Nursing began at a young age, after reading the biography of Florence Nightingale. I was in middle school, and intrigued at her courage, and dedication to care for the sick. As I entered college, and into a formal nursing education program, I still viewed nursing as, the care provided to another in need. Without my knowing, I was developing a philosophy of nursing for myself. As the years passed, I began to realize that nursingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1676 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous philosophies and a personal nursing philosophy is presented, including the personal definitions of the four phenomena of nursing namely person, environment, health, and nursing. The said philosophy will then be compared to other professionally-acclaimed philosophies. Included in the discussion is the importance of a nurse’s role in providing health care to persons, family, and the society and how it is able to address problems in the face of cultural and spiritual differences. Personal PhilosophyRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1081 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING 1 PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING 6 Personal Philosophy of Nursing Caroline Thiongo BSN V Millers College of Nursing Abstract This paper explores my personal nursing philosophy that I will convey in my career of nursing. It is my belief that nursing is a commitment to public service and a desire to help those in need. Nursing is a discipline of knowledge acquired both through formal education and through life experiences. The sum of these parts continuesRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1330 Words   |  6 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Nursing The purpose of this essay is to depict the personal philosophy of nursing and any future aspirations I have acquired in my first semester of nursing school. Before I can create my own philosophy of nursing, I must first understand and define what philosophy is and how it relates to nursing. According to  the Oxford Dictionary, philosophy is â€Å"the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline†

Northumbria Country FoodInformation Systems

Question: Discuss about theNorthumbria Country Foodfor Information Systems. Answer: Introduction Northumbria Country Foods (NCF) is a business that has been established and run by family and is rapidly expanding itself in the recent years. It was set up by Dr Beth Walker and has been operating since past ten years and includes the activities of developing and manufacturing of the English food items for the chilled ready meals. The business is expanding with multi-national companies investing in the same. However, there has been a recent downfall in the chilled food sector as a whole with the promotion of health eating. NCF primarily holds two business areas as Business to Business (B2B) in which it produces its own label products for the two supermarkets. It also operates as a Business to Consumer (B2C) business unit in which it retails the products under its own brand name. Current System and Issues The Information Systems that are set up and used in NCF are not in accordance with the latest technological advancements and there are a number of issues that are associated with the same. The accounting system that is used is obsolete and the database systems do not provide the ability analyze the data. Also, paper based system is used in the management of supplier related functions and information. Due to a number of loopholes in the current system, there are a lot many issues that are encountered in terms of processing, data management, employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Benefits of Information Systems for NCF There will be a number of benefits for NCF with the development and deployment of the latest Information Systems in practice. These Information Systems will allow faster processing of the data and information reflecting on the improved services and operations in a speedy manner. There are a lot of human errors that are observed with the use of paper based system and the same will be avoided with the use of automated IS. Also, management and analysis of the data is a serious concern with the current system followed at NCF which would be overcome with the deployment of the improved database system. With reduction in the risks, there will also be optimum utilization of the resources and better communication between the internal and external entities such as employees, customers and suppliers. There would also be enhanced efficiency and productivity displayed by the employees and enhanced levels of customer and employee satisfaction as well with streamlining of all the activities (Basahe l, 2010). Suggested Systems There are primarily three systems that NCF shall deploy in their infrastructure and architecture. E-business system is one of the three systems that shall be deployed in order to handle all of the business operations electronically. It would allow the various operations associated with the customer and suppliers electronically along with data management as well. The next system that is required to be deployed at NCF is the BI system that stands for Business Intelligence systems. The present era is an era of digital innovation and massive amounts of data. NCF currently deals with various categories of data such as internal data, customer data, supplier data, market information and a lot more. BI systems would allow the analysis of this data with much ease to retrieve meaningful information in the form of patterns, statistics and other representations. It would enable Beth and team to develop effective market strategy as it would provide an overview of the customer preferences, supplier patters and likewise (Luhn, 2016). Another system that would be necessary to be implemented at NCF is the social media integration. Social media is a platform that is being used in the present scenario for marketing of the products along with various other purposes such as determination of user preferences, improvement of the e-business system rankings and many others. The integration would enable NCF to reach out to maximum number of customers with much ease. The three systems that are discussed above would be implemented in NCF in a particular order. Implementation of all the systems at once would lead to increased complexities and difficulty in the implementation process as well. The suggested order, in which these systems shall be developed, deployed and implemented at NCF are E-business Systems followed by BI systems and then the social media integration. E-business systems have been placed at top in the order of priority as the business activities and expansion would not be handled effectively without the set up of the same. The next is the BI systems as it would then be necessary to analyze the e-data associated with the business. The current marketing strategies and operations are handled by an extremely skilled team and the social media integration is therefore placed at the end. Steps to Implement New Systems The information systems that have been suggested above would require well defined steps for successful implementation. The same shall be done in a step by step manner with five broad phases as listed and explained below. Initiation: The step shall include the feasibility assessment of the system in terms of the environment at NCF along with technical, operational and economical feasibility. A charter document shall also be submitted by the manager to gain authority to begin with the project activities. Planning: Implementation of any project would not yield successful results without effective planning. The step would therefore include a number of planning activities at NCF such as determination of scope, assessment of risks, selection of team, budgeting and scheduling of the project. Execution: The steps would include the design and development of the selected system along with the other activities such as procurement of the tools and equipment. Control: The step would include the management of the changes, testing activities, review and monitoring activities. Closure: The last step would include the closure activities such as verification of the deliverables, documentation of lessons learned and preparation of the closure report (Rose, 2013). Impact of Improved Systems There will be various impacts on NCF with the improvement and organization of the most recent Information Systems. These Information Systems will permit quicker preparing of the information and data thinking about the enhanced administrations and operations in a fast manner. There is a considerable measure of human mistakes that are seen with the utilization of paper based framework and a similar will be dodged with the utilization of mechanized IS. Likewise, administration and investigation of the information is a genuine worry with the present framework at NCF which would be overcome with the arrangement of the enhanced database framework. With lessening in the dangers, there will likewise be ideal use of the assets and better correspondence between the inner and outer substances, for example, representatives, clients and providers. There would likewise be improved effectiveness and profitability showed by the workers and upgraded levels of client and representative fulfillment als o with streamlining of the considerable number of exercises. There would also be an impact on the management policies as it would be required to transform the same. There will also be a number of changes that will be introduced at NCF with the implementation of the new systems in terms of the steps to operate, management of the functions and likewise which would also be required to adapt. Suggested Information Systems Accounting Information System The Information System would include the automated processing, handling and storage of all the accounts and finance related activities. There would be a number of operations that the IS will execute such as processing of salaries of the employees, recording of the financial patters, management of the payments by the suppliers and the customers, automated payment processing, billing activities and many others. The system would also provide the ability to retrieve a number of accounts related reports which may be utilized by the stakeholders at NCF such as managers, financial officers, market analysts and many others. This IS would provide a number of benefits to the employees as well as the accounting department will be able to handle the accounting operations in a quick, error-free and streamlined manner (Munteanu, 2016). Database Management Systems The next information system that is recommended for NCF is the database management system. There are a number of issues that are associated with the current database system as it lacks the ability to analyze the data (Gordon, 2007). The improved database information system shall include the cloud based database management system that would store, manage and handle the database operations over the cloud. It would also include a number of in-built tools for the analysis of the data and information for recognition of patterns and statistics. The tasks associated with the management of the data associated with the customers and suppliers will become easy and the administration of the data along with implementation of policies will also involve reduced effort (Ramakrishnan, 2016). Supply Chain and Inventory Management Information Systems The operations that are associated with the suppliers are still performed by the paper based operations. Therefore the suggested information system is the automated supply chain management and inventory management system (Croxton, 2016). It would also include the integration with the database of the organization. The IS would keep the track of the inventory and would be linked to the order processing systems. The automated system would also generate alerts in case of insufficient inventories, excessive products and likewise. The activities associated with the supply chain life cycle will also be managed in an automated manner. The same would result in easier management and administration of the supplier data along with enhanced organization of the associated operations (Misra, 2010). Order Processing Systems The e-business system that would be implemented at NCF would include the online processing of orders. The new and improved order processing system would ensure automated operations and the same would be linked to the payment processing, transaction management, database systems and others. The order processing system will provide the order status as new as soon as the order would be received. The same will be validated with the supplier and inventory systems to ensure that the items can be made available. The order status would turn to confirm followed by the status as shipped, delivered and completed. The order processing system would also allow the cancellation of the orders and would update the inventories and will also maintain the order history (Rowe, 2012). Further Developments and Conclusion There would be further developments required at NFC after the implementation of the e-business systems. The same would be followed by the implementation of BI systems and the integration with the social media. There would also be a dedicated change management system and team that would be required to be deployment for the management of various entities such as operations, policies and information. The new and improved information systems would also bring along a number of security risks. It would be necessary for NCF to develop and deploy enhanced basic and advanced security mechanisms. These systems would ensure that the data and information are kept protected at all times and there are also no occurrences of security threats and attacks. Another development would be associated with the employee trainings on the newer information systems to allow the employees to execute the operations without any error. Northumbria Country Foods (NCF) is a business that has been established and run by family and is rapidly expanding itself in the recent years. NCF primarily holds two business areas as Business to Business (B2B) in which it produces its own label products for the two supermarkets. It also operates as a Business to Consumer (B2C) business unit in which it retails the products under its own brand name. Due to a number of loopholes in the current system, there are a lot many issues that are encountered in terms of processing, data management, employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. The suggested order, in which these systems shall be developed, deployed and implemented at NCF are E-business Systems followed by BI systems and then the social media integration. There are a number of information systems that are recommended such as accounting information systems, database management systems, supply chain management systems, inventory management systems and order processing systems . References Basahel, A. (2010). Examining the Strategic Benefits of Information Systems: A Global Case Study. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/336775.pdf Croxton, K. (2016). The Supply Chain Management Processes. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/474/089/1217/article4.pdf Gordon, K. (2007). Principles of Data Management Facilitating Information Sharing. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/data-management-chapter1.pdf Luhn, H. (2016). A Business Intelligence System. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://altaplana.com/ibmrd0204H.pdf Misra, V. (2010). Supply Chain Management Systems: Architecture, Design and Vision. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://www.na-businesspress.com/JSIS/MisraWeb.pdf Munteanu, V. (2016). The financial accounting information system central base in the managerial activity of an organization. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6552451.pdf Ramakrishnan, R. (2016). Database Management Systems Solutions Manual Third Edition. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~dbbook/openAccess/thirdEdition/solutions/ans3ed-oddonly.pdf Rose, K. (2013). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)-Fifth Edition. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from Rowe, C. (2012). Introducing a sales order processing system: the importance of human, organizational and ergonomic factors: Behaviour Information Technology: Vol 6, No 4. Tandfonline.com. Retrieved 17 November 2016, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449298708901856?journalCode=tbit20

Mary Jo Bang Essays - Mary Jo Bang, Bang!, , Term Papers

Mary Jo Bang Bill Mueller April 18, 1999 English 1-2 Prof. McMullen Mary Jo Bang : Apology for Want Quiet, unassuming, serene. These characteristics define the appearance of poet Mary Jo Bang. There is, however, another side to the humble St. Louis native which is not readily apparent by either her looks or her demeanor. Beneath her deceiving facade lies another person entirely, which only emerges through her poetic talents. Although she also read from her new manuscript which has not yet gone to print, Mary Jo Bang primarily read from her collection which won the Katherine Bakeless Nason poetry prize in 1996, entitled Apology for Want. According to Edward Hirsch Apology for Want is, a...dark [and] unabashed apology for desire. But there's something more to her work than confessing the yearnings of humanity, no matter how tarnished they may be. Her work is very personal, yet it touches home, inspiring a feeling of understanding and enlightenment which is very hard to accomplish. The Desert at Hand, the first poem she read to us, although by far the one which moved me the most, seemed very confusing at first. She opens Love is also fragment: the cheek of the moon's fat-boy face giving itself up to be kissed, the ingredient phrase, I can't live without you, the sum of the few words that truly invent themselves - You are. At first, the impression of the poem's direction and attitude seemed positive, inspiring the thought that love really is self-sufficient despite it's fragility. Even the title The Desert at Hand seems to imply a biblical simile, that love is a test which can both test and strengthen you, just as Jesus' 40 days in the desert was a time of great temptation and redemption for him. Surprisingly, the poem shifts its focus off of love and to a very similar subject, although it has a slightly less favorable connotation: desire. Tomorrow [is] getting shorter, even as we speak. In this flinty age of materialism we've gorown fond of witches - they embody our with to believe, to immerse ourselves...to be welcomed into imprudence, the elevated tor, unbreakable oath. She seems to be reaching out, saying that people in general have succumbed to materialism, that the ideal of love as it was presented previously was something which is quickly becoming lost to humanity. The people will now turn to witches, symbolically implying that mankind will follow a false path in the hopes of his own advancement. Although I was a bit skeptical of her poetry, not sensing a meaning behind the short choppy phrases which comprise her work, she won me over in the end. After reading some powerful poems such as Open Heart Surgery, Metaphor as Symptom of Reason's Despair, and the poem for which the book is entitled, Apology for want, it became clearer to me what her goals and intentions were. Mary Jo Bang wasn't making a social commentary for the sake of pointing out the sins of people and touting them as evil for the sake of exposing humanity's weaknesses. She is acknowledging the weak nature of man and holding us responsible for our thoughts and actions with one purpose in mind. Her poetry is intended to open the eyes of her audience, daring them to find that weakness within themselves. Mary Jo Bang's intention lies in the hope that she can help us to find and acknowledge that flaw of human nature within ourselves, and overcome it's temptations to transcend the material world into one where we will be at peace with ourselves. English Essays

Qulitative vs. Quantitative Essays

Qulitative vs. Quantitative Essays Qulitative vs. Quantitative Essay Qulitative vs. Quantitative Essay Qualitative vs. Quantitative In this paper I will be explaining the differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research will help you learn about individuals experiences of emotion and behavior, and explains human behavior into detail. Whereas quantitative research will be in hard numbers, it will provide you with data and is the most common method of research. Qualitative research should, in my opinion, be the most common method of research due to the fact that it focuses on certain individuals with fewer restrictions; the individuals are able to provide data in their own words with subjective information. The researchers could ask the participants about how their life has been so far, or how they think they did in school, and they would respond in their own way, with no numbers, just their own words. Qualitative can also explore new areas of research and build new theories because they ask for people’s opinions. The downside to qualitative research is that it’s difficult to test its hypotheses and theories with large groups. This method of research is only supposed to target smaller, more convenient groups, which is good if that’s your goal but bad if, let’s say, you wanted to find out the percentage of how many people are happy with their lives. With qualitative its very time consuming, unless you have the time for it, but if you don’t then quantitative research might be what you want. There are different methods of qualitative research, such as the action method. Action research tries to understand the concerns of people and immediate problem situations. The second one, the case study, is the most common method within the qualitative research. It considers the phenomenon within its real life context. They study many of the different aspects of people. The process of qualitative research is fairly simple, you have to find which questions you want to ask your subjects and collect the relevant data from them and find out how to interpret it, and lastly you just have to write up our findings and conclusions. Quantitative research is what you will most likely come in contact with, in school, at work, in the store, etc. it’s mostly population focused like how on some maps it shows the percentage of different races in each state, and that’s due to quantitative research. Tables, graphs, and other figures would be needed to write out your findings to understand what you tested people or populations on, most of them will be in hard number s with no explanations. Its most commonly used in politics, like for presidential elections for each state and then all is brought together in the end to eventually find out who the new president would be and has the highest credibility with people in power. You can ask your subjects to provide data about themselves such as age, number of people in their families, what their address is, basically anything to do with hard numbers or statistics. Even though it has the highest ratings for research and its most commonly used, it does have its weaknesses. Like, for instance, the knowledge produced by researchers might be too abstract and they could be missing out on the phenomenon by collecting a much narrower data set with being limited to just numbers. Even though quantitative research is the most widely known method of research, it still has some holes in the research that can only be filled by qualitative research. Like within the statistics of quantitative can also be an explanation on how you’ve accumulated your research or you can go into detail about the numbers and what your opinion would be.

How to Identify Northern White Cedar

How to Identify Northern White Cedar Northern white-cedar  is a slow growing native North American boreal tree with the scientific name Thuja occidentalis.  Arborvitae  is another name for the tree in its cultivated and commercially grown from which is  planted in yards and landscapes throughout the United States. This nursery-derived version of the white-cedar is prized for the unique flat and filigree sprays made up of tiny, scaly leaves.   Northern white-cedar  has also been called eastern white cedar and swamp-cedar. The name arborvitae meaning tree of life was given the tree and was the first North American tree to be transplanted and cultivated in Europe.   Ethnobotanical history suggests that 16th-century French explorer Jacques Cartier learned from  Native Americans how to use the trees foliage to treat scurvy. Scurvy was an insidious  disease that ravaged humans that had no ready source of  ascorbic acid or vitamin  C. A decoction of the exported trees sap was sold in Europe as a curative medicine. A record tree in Michigans Leelanau County measures 18 feet in circumference and  113 feet  (34 meters)   in height.   Where the Northern White Cedar Lives You will find that the main range of northern white-cedar extends through the southern part of the eastern half of Canada and down to an adjacent northern part of the United States. Looking at its U.S. Forest Service range map, you will see specifically that it extends west from the Gulf of St. Lawrence through central Ontario to southeastern Manitoba. Eastern white cedars southern U.S range extends through central Minnesota and Wisconsin to a narrow fringe around the southern tip of Lake Michigan and east through southern Michigan, southern New York, central Vermont and New Hampshire, and Maine.   Northern white-cedar prefers a humid climate and where the annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 46 inches.  Although it does not develop well on extremely wet or extremely dry sites, the cedar will do well on cool, moist, nutrient-rich sites and particularly on organic soils near streams or boreal swamps. The principal commercial uses of northern white-cedar are for rustic fencing and posts because of the woods resistance to rot. Other important wood products made from the species includes cabin logs, lumber, poles, and shingles. The wood fiber is also used as paper pulp and particleboard. Identification of the Northern White Cedar The leaf (if you can call it a leaf) is actually evergreen and scale-like off main shoot sprays. They are  1/4 inch long with long points. Lateral shoots are flattened, 1/8 inch long with short points. The  species is monoecious meaning that the tree has both male and female reproductive parts. Female parts are green with 4 to 6 scales and male parts are green tipped with brown scales. The fruit is a  cone, only 1/2 inch long, oblong and protrude upright on the branches. Cone scales are leathery, red-brown and rounded, with a small spine on the tip. New growth on each twig is green and scale-like and occurring in very flattened foliar sprays.The bark is fibrous, red-brown, weathering to gray. You will often see diamond-shaped bark patterns and the trees form is a  small to medium-sized tree shaped like an arrowhead or a pyramid. The Commercial Arborvitae Varieties Probably the most commonly planted Arborvitae planted in the North American landscape is the Emerald Green variety. It has great winter color and is one of the most popular hedge plants within its range and is also extensively used outside its range in the Pacific Northwest. Many arborvitae varieties can be planted as a very reliable, small to medium ornamental in American yards outside the natural range of  Thuja  occidentalis.  You  can  see more than 100 cultivated varieties used extensively in dooryards, in hedgerows, in borders and as a single large striking specimen in a large landscape. You will also see this tree along driveways, building foundations, subdivision entrances, cemeteries, and parks. White-Cedar has many cultivars, many of which are shrubs. Popular cultivars include: ‘Booth Globe’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœCompacta’‘Douglasi Pyramidalis’‘Emerald Green’ - good winter color‘Ericoides’‘Fastigiata’‘Hetz Junior’‘Hetz Midget’ - slow growing dwarf‘Hovey’‘Little Champion’ - globe shaped‘Lutea’ - yellow foliage‘Nigra’ - dark green foliage in winter, pyramidal‘Pyramidalis’ - narrow pyramidal form  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRosenthalli’‘Techny’‘Umbraculifera’ - flat-topped‘Wareana’‘Woodwardii’

Taking Care of Teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taking Care of Teenagers - Essay Example Given that reasoning, one must wonder as to whether or not it pays off in the long run to raise a teenage kid. Those that oppose raising teenage kids do so on the premise that anybody between the age of 13-18 require too much parental supervision in their academic, social, and family lives. It becomes difficult to keep track of the teenagers activities at these ages because of their quest for self discovery and self-understanding. Some parents get confused because the teenager seems to wear his personality the way he wears his clothes, it changes everyday. One minute you can have a loving, clingy teenage child who wants nothing more than to cuddle with mom and dad. Then the next minute, you have a kid asking you to park the car 3 blocks from school so his classmates wont see him being dropped off by mom or dad. So, it becomes understandable when parents say raising a teenage kid requires volumes of aspirin in order to combat the headache that it is. But if you analyze it, these mind boggling personality changes within a teenager are exactly the stuff that a parents memories are made up of. T hese are the very moments that are to be cherished for a lifetime and make it all worthwhile to raise a teenager. Parents say that teenagers are rebellious and do not have a clear understanding of life and its intricacies. They get into so much trouble that sometimes a parent wonders if he should just prepare bail money instead of an allowance for the kid. These are the parents who give up on raising their teenager when they should be the most involved in the raising of their teenager. A parent has to understand that a teenager is on the verge of adulthood. Their problems are caused by the fact that they want to be treated as adults but still act like the children that they are during certain situations. This is the time when a teenager needs his parent the most. The teenager needs to know how to be an adult before he turns 18 and is officially given the reins to his life

Wal-Mart Information Technology Systems Support Case Study

Wal-Mart Information Technology Systems Support - Case Study Example A purchase at any store is reflected at the nerve center within 15 minutes and within an hour, the company has a complete picture of its sales including which among the 690 million items across its stores sell the most. This clarity in the company’s performance in real-time is responsible for seamless operations on such a grand scale. Cash register receipts, for example, are backed up in the system and retained for two years. Having such a rich pool of data on shoppers helps Wal-Mart know their customer’s buying trends are enabling the company to treat each of their hundreds of million customers as individuals. The sales statistics of products at Wal-Mart are monitored to the last item, something that gives the company an edge over its competitors because improvements based on this data can be made in the shortest time possible. The Wal-Mart system even goes further to track weather and matches that data with buying patterns. This information allows the retailer to place enough orders for items purchased during a hurricane, for example, so that by the time such a disaster hits, shoppers have enough supply of the much-needed items. Another unique aspect of the Wal-Mart system is its ability to be shared to a limited extent, with suppliers. This IT system has a provider link that shows them the position of their items in real-time at all stores across the world where such products are stocked. With this data, suppliers can make product flows such that the right products are delivered to the right store in time. Having their systems opened up to suppliers brings trust between them and the company as they can transparently monitor the performance of their products from the comfort of their respective premises.

Hypothesis Testing Paper Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis Testing Paper Essay We are seeing the influence of psychosocial stress on the course of bipolar disorder being increasingly recognized. Child adversity is not just a topic that is discussed, but is a topic that is real in the society in which we live. Child adversity can hit close to home. A child experiences this by being in a state or instance of serious or continued difficulty (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Situations of these types are terrible to see and can affect the child, but just not as children. These types of situations could include: verbal, physical, or sexual abuse, neglect, parental death, bullying, or even poverty. The effects of these types of situations can carry on into an individuals adulthood as well as concerning his/her physical and mental well-being. See what we are looking into is not just child adversity, but another topic as well. The question being asked is, Does early child adversity make bipolar disorder more likely? Individuals have their own views and opinions on this topic and question. In this hypothesis testing, a description of the research issue and a hypothesis statement, regarding the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis will be addressed. For the accuracy of the research issue, the population will have to be determined and the sampling method to help in generating the sample. The data will be described as to how it was collected, the level of  measurement, and the statistical technique used in helping of the task of analyzing the data. All these steps will help in the explanation of the findings. EARLY CHILD ADVERSITY AND THE BIPOLAR DISORDER In understanding the meaning of child adversity, we want to look at the meaning of the term, bipolar disorder. Here we arent just focusing on child adversity; we are focusing on both to see if the child adversity emphasizes bipolar disorder more likely. According to U.S. National Library of Medicine (2014), Bipolar disorder is a condition in which a person has periods of depression and periods of being extremely happy or being cross or irritable In addition to these mood swings, the person has extreme changes in activity and energy (Bipolar Disorder). Symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe and can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012). Bipolar disorder affects both men and women, usually occurring between the ages of 15-25. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, there are factors involved that cause or trigger the occurrences. As we are researching, we are finding environment plays a role. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), An individuals stress, abuse, significant loss, or other traumatic experiences can contribute to this disorder (Causes). All these factors and experiences listed can take place in a childs life, whether we want to admit it or not. Most of the time, more often than we would care to talk about. This connection gives us a starting point in developing our hypothesis. With a research issue, it is essential a hypothesis be formulated. Hypothesis is a prediction often based on informal observation, previous research, or theory that is testing in a research study (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 108). In a research study, the testing is referred to as a hypothesis procedure. We must first state a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis. Research hypothesis is a statement in a hypothesis testing procedure about the predicted relation between populations. Null hypothesis is a statement about a relation between populations that is the opposite of the research hypothesis (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 108). The null  hypothesis is often said to be the opposite of what is being predicted. For this study, the research hypothesis is, Early child adversity makes bipolar disorder more likely. The null hypothesis is, Early child adversity does not make bipolar disorder more likely. In any hypothesis testing procedure, there is great emphasis in determining the population and the sampling method the researcher is using to generate the sample, The population is the entire group of people to which the researcher intends the results of a study to apply. The sample is the scores of a particular group of people studied (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 84). For this research issue, the population would include participants consisting of 58 adults, including 29 males and 29 females. These individuals have a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. According to National Institute of Mental Health (2012), Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic and mixed episodes that last at least seven days. Usually depressive episodes occur as well, lasting at least two weeks (How is Bipolar Diagnosed?). The sampling method used to generate the sample would be classified as nonrandom samples. With this sample method, the probability selection cannot be accurately determined. In using the nonrandom sampling method, we are focusing on the type judgmental/purposive sampling. These individuals of 58 are being chosen with a specific purpose in mind. These individuals are fit for the research compared to other individuals (Concepts and Definitions, n.d.). This sampling method makes perfect since we are attempting to research if child adversity is a contributing factor to bipolar disorder. THE DATA Regarding the 58 adults of men and women, the data would be collected and evaluated every three months, all the way up to a year. This information would be collected by structured interviews discussing stressful life events pertaining to and dealing with early child adversity. In analyzing the data, the best statistical technique to use would be the t test for independent means. T test for independent means is a hypothesis testing procedure in which there are two separate groups of people tested (Aron, Aron, Coups,  2013, p. 84). Involved in this research issue is two separate groups of people with 29 male participants and 29 female participants. We are testing both of the same number, because we want to find out the conclusion as a whole about the people. Also, we tested equal amounts of both men and women, because they both are equally likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder (WebMD, 2014). The data would be analyzed using the five steps of the t test for independent means. Step one consists of stating the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis. Step two consists of determining the characteristics of the comparison distribution. Step three is determining the cutoff sample score on the comparison distribution at which the null hypothesis should be rejected. Step four is determining the samples score on the comparison distribution. And last, step five is deciding to reject the null hypothesis by comparing steps three and four (Aron, Aron, Coups, 2013, p. 84). In following these steps to analyze the data, we can account for to either accept or reject the null hypothesis on early child adversity not making bipolar disorder more likely. CONCLUSION After going into detail of the research issue, formulating the hypothesis statement, determining the population, deciding and describing the sampling method, the task of collecting the data, the level of measurement, and the statistical technique for analyzing the data, now is the big intense moment. The results exhibited that the interaction of early child adversity severity and those stressful life events involved predicted an occurrence in a manner consistent with the research hypothesis for both the men and the women. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis. There were some limitations to this research issue and the hypothesis testing procedure. The sample size and the number of past episodes were determined retrospectively, mainly through self-report. But, another thought to keep in mind is the individuals who experienced early child adversity had a significantly younger age of bipolar onset. Concerning this conclusion, it would be of great importance for the suggestion for further studies of stress mechanisms in bipolar disorder and of treatments designed to intervene early among those at risk. I would propose when and if the conditions of bipolar disorder are  identified, an effective treatment plan needs to be implemented. This approach would be of great benefit for the patients health, wellbeing, and longevity. Studies speak for themselves regarding childhood adversity being prevalent and having pervasive and long term impacts on mental and physical health. References Aron, A., Aron, E., Coups, E. (2013). Statistics for Psychology (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Concepts and Definitions. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ubos.org/Compendium2012/NonRandomSamplingDesign.html Mayo Clinic. (2014). _Bipolar Disorder Causes_. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/basics/causes/con-20027544 Merriam-Webster. (2014). _Adversity_. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adversity National Institute of Mental Health. (2012). _Bipolar Disorder in Adults_. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-adults/index.shtml U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2014). _Bipolar Disorder_. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001924/

How to Achieve Happiness Essay -- Happiness Essays

"Most folks are as happy as they make up their minds to be." -- Abraham Lincoln According to Cambridge's Online Dictionary, happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, or joy. There are a number of attributes that correlate with happiness: relationships and social interaction, extroversion, marital status, employment, health, democratic freedom, optimism, religious involvement, income, and proximity to other happy people. Because the concept of happiness is complex and hard to measure, many people believe that happiness is mysterious, elusive, and totally out of their control. This is not true. Actually, happiness is a choice. Each person can decide whether to be happy or not. Wilhelm von Humboldt, a German philosopher, said, â€Å"I am...

Binders Beverage & Landscaping Essay

To help Bill Binder pick the best route to transport his bottles from his plant to his warehouse we can use the shortest path model. The shortest path model finds how to transport items/people from on location to another while minimizing the total distance traveled, time taken or some other measures. In Bill’s case we will minimize the time it takes to transport his bottles from his plant at node 1 to his warehouse at node 10. A road map for Binder’s Beverage with the nodes and distances stated in minutes is depicted below. Binder’s Beverage Road Map The solution of Bill’s problem shows that the shortest path (measured in terms of time) from the plant to the warehouse is 60 minutes and involves traveling through nodes 2, 4, 8 and 9. The Excel Solution from Solver is attached separately. At node one which is the supply node the net flow is -1. At node 10 which is the demand node the net flow is 1. All other nodes are transshipment nodes and hence have a net flow equal to zero. Below you can find a screenshot from Excel. CASE STUDY, BALAKRISHNAN, CHAPTER 2 â€Å"GOLDING LANDSCAPING AND PLANTS† 1. LP Problem Formulation: In this case study there are four decision variables. C30 = Pounds of C-30 to put in a fifty bag fertilizer C92 = Pounds of C-92 to put in a fifty bag fertilizer D = Pounds of D-21 to put in a fifty bag fertilizer E = Pounds of E-11 to put in a fifty bag fertilizer The objective is to minimize the cost of chemical compounds used and can be written as: Minimize Total Cost = $0.12(C30) + $0.09(C92) + $0.11(D) + $0.04(E) subject to following constraints: a) E>= 0.15 (C30+C92+D+E) b) C92+C30>= 0.45 (C30+C92+D+E) c) D+C92= 0 2. The Best solution is to use  £7.5 of C-30,  £15 of C-92 and  £27.5 of E-11 and not to include D-21 in the mix at all. This will result in a cost of $3.35 per  £50 bag. Excel Solution is attached as a separate file. Screenshots of solution and formulas are given below. All constraints are binding with the exception of constraint (a), which indicated that E-11 should at least comprise 15% of the blend. This would mean the lower bound of E-11 to be used was  £7.5, where in fact we ended up using  £27.5 of E-11. The difference of  £20 is shown in the answer report as a slack of 20.

Cadburys Business Assignment Essay

The business that I have chosen to is Cadburys I have chosen to use the product will it is a well knows product that many people know and love, I have chosen this product because it has a very wide range of target audience and Cadburys is a well known business so information will be easy to access and to gather. The nature of the business is simple it is to provide sugary treats to the public the main target audience I would say would be children I would say from the ages of 4 onwards, the customers would be every one that likes chocolate they have a wide range of products such a cream egg this would appeal more to children than adults I would say as they adverts and the angle of the marketing addresses to children’s humour and to the nature of the commercial side of the business were as the product such a a dairy milk bar would appeal to a wider range of people such as adults as its simple and has very little child like qualities. The business brings out new products quite of ten so this would build on the companies reputation and would also help its sales figures as new products appeal to the customers curious nature as if a new product comes out that is advertised well, will make you want to try it and see what it is like, as Cadburys have a wide range of products there is pretty much a product for every one so the target audience is vast. Because of its large product range it will have more customers and because it has been around a long time this would mean that allot of people would have known about it and there for the audience and the people that buy the product will be greater than new businesses or newer businesses such as galaxy. The business Cadburys has existed since 1842 this shows the public that the business is a reliable and trust worthy business and obviously has a good range of products. Cadburys was founded almost 200 years ago and was opened by john Cadburys on bull street in Birmingham in 1824, he started of by making drinking chocolate then expanded by making chocolate and other products. Cadburys is a plc so it is a private limited company so this means it has public shares so the public would be involved in the business. The business is not based anywhere anymore but has business every were and this would make it a world wide company. The main competitors would be businesses such as galaxy and nesquik and other chocolate and sweat manufactures. My companies corporate aims would be to be able to make a healthy profit and be able to keep the business running at a high standard. The objectives of the business would be to be making lots of good quality chocolate and to be always be improving the quality of the chocolate and the recipes, other objectives would be to make their business fully fair trade as this would help the reputation of the business. Another objective would be to expand the business to have lots of stores world wide to increase the popularity of the business, doing this the business would need to make sure that they will be able to survive the market and make it an on going business. To create chocolate that appeals to all ages of the audience they do this by making sure that all of their ingredients are all at a high quality standard this includes fair trade products this would make their products more appealable to their target audience. Due to the nature of the business i think that they should cover some of the gaps such as creating more new products and possibly placing more Cadburys shop around the less populated areas around the country. I also feel as if Cadburys aims and objective are to do with the cream egg are easy and do able and make them accessible to smaller areas and smaller businesses such as corner shops. I have chosen Cadburys Cream Egg for my product that I am researching throughout my assignments, I have chosen this product as it is a noticed and a very well known brand and this product has been out for a while so there would be information to follow up on and to research about, this will be helpful with completing my assignments that I have been given, I have managed to find out allot about this business and this product so I am pleased with my decision. I am going to be finding out about the general aims and objectives for my chosen product that the business has set, I will also be discovering the SMART rule and I will be providing the basis for my marketing plan. I will be introducing this by using sections of the brief to make my plan, also researching the business. Cadburys used to be a family business and was running smoothly until the company went bankrupt in march 2010, since this Cadbury was acquired by Kraft Foods in March 2010. Kraft foods is an American based company that specializes in food such as chocolate and beverages. Kraft foods is a exceedingly good business earning around 1 billion dollars each year, and sells to over 170 different countries. Kraft foods is a public limited company. An aim is where the business wants to go in the future, its goals. It is a statement of purpose, e.g. we want to grow the business. A business aim is the goal a business wants to achieve. A primary aim for all business organizations is to add value and in the private sector this involves making a profit. More strategic aims include expansion, market leadership and brand building. A business o Objectives within an organization are established at a number of levels from top level corporate objectives, down to team objectives and individual objectives that create a framework for operational activities. These are often translated into targets which help to motivate staff in reaching short-term goals. Objectives therefore provide a clear structure for all of the various activities that an organization carries out. By measuring how well an objective has or has not been achieved, managers can make necessary changes to their activities to ensure progress and achievement of the stated objectives are made within the timescale allocated objective is a detailed picture of a step you plan to take in order to achieve a stated aim. A way to create this would to use the SMART rule.. Specific – clear and easy to understand. Measurable – i.e. able to be quantified. Achievable – possible to be attained. Realistic – not ‘pie in the sky’. Time bound – associated with a specific time period For example†¦. The aims of Cadburys are 1. Improving farmer incomes by helping farms to increase their yields and produce top quality beans. 2. Introducing new sources of rural income through microfinance and business support to kick start new rural businesses and introduce additional income streams such as growing other crops. Developing communities by helping them meet their own goals and improve rural life. For example, by supporting health through building wells for clean, safe water; education, through schools and libraries; and the environment through bio-diversity projects. 4. Working in partnership a pioneering model led from the grass roots. Farmers, governments, NGOs and international agencies work together to decide how the funding is spent and work with local organizations to turn plans into action. Cadbury is an international company that make, market and sell exclusive brands chocolate. Cadbury have achieved this effectively for over 200 years. The reason they are so successful is because they have a apparent and a clear understanding of the requirements and needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders. SMART stands for .. †¢Specific †¢Measurable †¢Achievable †¢Realistic †¢Timed Smart means objectives- they break up the aim into small do able task’s to make the job easier and achievable. Specific – Objectives should specify what they want to achieve, For example a soft drinks company may want to achieve 3% market share in 12 months. Measurable – You should be able to measure whether you are meeting the objectives or not to continue to run your business in a organised and professional manor, for example a market share over 12 months means that each month market share targets can be measured against a specific goal. Achievable – Are the objectives you set, achievable to be able to carry on your business plan, an example for this would be over a period of time such as one year 12 months you need to be able to know does the company have the resources, man power and finances to achieve the goal. Realistic Can you realistically achieve the objectives with the resources you have such as space finance and staff and equipment, and does the company need more time than 1 mouths to get to the standard that the owner want. Time- this would mean when you want to set a time for the objectives and aims that you have set yourself and the marketing there need to be a date and able to make it specific and achievable, such as some business set a 12 month business plan to achieve these goals. Marketing objectives should be based on understanding your strengths and weaknesses, and the business environment you operate in. They should also be linked to your overall business strategy for example if the business id doing well and the sales increase by 15% in the last year then you should set a business plan that will help boost encourage the market sales further for example leading out a new product or different advertising to appeal more the customers. This should follow the SMART rules. For Cadburys cream egg i would need to use SMART to make my business plan specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timed, for example mine would be to boost market sales by 20% in 6 months by April 1st, i will do this by creating a new angle for the cream egg and make the advertising the product in a new way and maybe reshaping the product, for example such as Kellogg’s Special K they reinvented this product by advertising it so it would be a new slimming product it was targeted at women middle aged women as these area of people are the most likely to buy the product, this was effective and is now a top seller cereal. This is Realistic as i will have the eight resources and the finances to do this goal, this objective will be finished in 6 months time on the 1st of April 2012.

Fraudulent Practices in Voter-Based Elections essays

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The basis by which jobs are grouped together is termed: a. departmentalization. b. bureaucracy. c. specialization. d. centralization. (a; Easy; Exh. 15-1; p. 453) 9. Grouping jobs on the basis of function, product, geography, process, or customer is a form of: a. departmentalization. b. specialization. c. centralization. d. bureaucracy. (a; Moderate; p. 454) 10. One of the most popular ways to group activities is by: a. product. b. function. c. geography. d. process. (b; Challenging; p. 454) 11. Proctor Gamble departmentalizes by Tide, Pampers, Charmin, and Pringles. This is an example of departmentalization by: a. function. b. process. c. geography. d. product. (d; Easy; p. 455) 12. A plant manager who organizes the plant by separating engineering, accounting, manufacturing, personnel, and purchasing into departments is practicing _____ departmentalization. a. target customer b. product c. functional d. geographic (c; Moderate; p. 454) 13. _____ departmentalization achieves economies of scale by placing people with common skills and orientations into common units. a. Functional b. Process c. Product d. Geographic (a; Moderate; p. 454) 14. At an Alcoa aluminum tubing plant in New York, production is organized into five departments: casting; press; tubing; finishing; and inspecting; packing; and shipping. This is a. functional departmentalization. b. process departmentalization. c. product departmentalization. d. none of the above. (b; Moderate; p. 455) 15. The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom is termed: a. chain of command. b. authority. c. span of control. d. unity of command. (a; Moderate; p. 456) 16. The right inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect orders to be obeyed is termed: a. chain of command. b. authority. c. power. d. unity of command. (b; Moderate; p. 456) 17. The _____ principle helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority. a. span of control b. chain of command c. unity of command d. centralization (c; Moderate; p. 456) 18. The _____ principle states that a person should have one and only one superior to whom he or she is directly responsible. a. span of control b. chain of command c. unity of command d. authority (c; Moderate; p. 456) 19. The _____ refers to the number of subordinates a manager can efficiently and effectively direct. a. span of control b. unity of command c. chain of command d. decentralization principle (a; Moderate; p. 456) 20. Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? a. It reduces effectiveness. b. It is more efficient. c. It encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy. d. It empowers employees. (c; Challenging; p. 457) 21. Which of the following is not a drawback of a narrow span of control? It is expensive. It makes vertical communication in the organization more complex. Supervisors may loose control of their employees. It encourages overly tight supervision. (c; Challenging; p. 457) 22. The trend in recent years has been toward: narrower spans of control. wider spans of control. a span of control of four. an ideal span of control of six to eight. (b; Moderate; p. 457) 23. If you have a narrow span of control, you have a(n) _____ organization. efficient short tall matrix (c; Moderate; p. 457) 24. _____ are consistent with recent efforts by companies to reduce costs, cut overhead, speed up decision making, increase flexibility, get closer to customers, and empower employees. Wider spans of control Narrower spans of control Matrix structures Simple structures (a; Moderate; p. 457) 25. The best definition for centralization is: decision making is pushed down to lower level employees. decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization. decision making depends on the situation. decision making is done in each department and then sent to the president for the final decision. (b; Moderate; p. 458) 26. In an organization that has high centralization: a. the corporate headquarters is located centrally to branch offices. b. all top level officials are located within the same geographic area. c. top managers make all the decisions and lower level managers merely carry out directions. d. action can be taken more quickly to solve problems. (c; Moderate; p. 457-458) 27. The more that lower-level personnel provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, the more _____ there is. a. centralization b. decentralization c. work specialization d. departmentalization (b; Moderate; p. 458) 28. If a job is highly formalized, it would not include which of the following? a. clearly defined procedures on work processes b. explicit job description c. high employee job discretion d. a large number of organizational rules (c; Moderate; p. 458) 29. Explicit job descriptions, lots of rules, and clearly defined procedures concerning work processes are consistent with: a. high formalization. b. high specialization. c. high centralization. d. bureaucracy. (a; Moderate; p. 458) 30. Employee discretion is inversely related to: a. complexity. b. standardization. c. specialization. d. departmentalization. (b; Challenging; p. 458-459) Common Organizational Designs 31. Which of the following is not a common organizational design? simple structure bureaucracy centralized structure matrix structure (c; Moderate; p. 459) 32. The _____ is characterized by a low degree of departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. a. bureaucracy b. matrix organization c. simple structure d. team structure (c; Moderate; p. 460) 33. Which one of the following is consistent with a simple structure? a. high centralization b. high horizontal differentiation c. high employee discretion d. standardization (a; Moderate; p. 460) 34. The ____ is a flat organization. bureaucracy centralized structure matrix structure none of the above (d; Moderate; p. 460) 35. Simple structures are characterized by: a. shared authority. b. a narrow span of control. c. standardization. d. a low degree of departmentalization. (d; Moderate; p. 460) 36. This is most widely practiced in small businesses. simple structure standardization centralized structure span of control (a; Easy; p. 460) 37. The bureaucracy is characterized by all of the following except: a. highly routine operating tasks. b. formalized rules and regulations. c. tasks that are grouped into functional departments. d. decentralized decision making. (d; Moderate; p. 461) 38. The key underlying all bureaucracies is: a. flexibility. b. standardization. c. dual lines of authority. d. wide span of control. (b; Easy; p. 460) 39. The ____ is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization. simple structure bureaucracy centralized structure matrix structure (b; Moderate; p. 461) 40. The strength of the simple structure lies in its: efficiency. simplicity. centralization. span of control. (b; Easy; p. 460) 41. Which of the following is not a weakness of the simple structure? It is risky. information overload There is little unity of command. slower decision making (c; Moderate; p. 460) 42. The structure that creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization is the: a. organizational structure. b. bureaucracy. c. matrix structure. d. virtual organization. (c; Moderate; p. 462) 43. The matrix structure combines which two forms of departmentalization? a. process and functional b. functional and product c. product and process d. none of the above (b; Challenging; p. 462) 44. The _____ violates the unity of command concept. a. simple structure b. virtual structure c. matrix structure d. team structure (c; Challenging; p. 462) 45. Which one of the following problems is most likely to occur in a matrix structure? a. decreased response to environmental change b. decreased employee motivation c. loss of economies of scale d. employees receiving conflicting directives (d; Moderate; p. 463) 46. The strength of the matrix structure is its: a. ability to facilitate coordination. b. economies of scale. c. adherence to chain of command. d. standardization. (a; Moderate; p. 463) 47. The major disadvantage of the matrix structure is: a. the confusion it creates. b. its propensity to foster power struggles. c. the stress it places on individuals. d. all of the above (d; Challenging; p. 463) New Design Options 48. The primary characteristics of the _____ structure are that it breaks down departmental barriers and decentralizes decision making to the level of the work team. a. virtual b. team c. boundaryless d. organizational (b; Moderate; p. 463-464) 49. In larger organizations, the team structure complements what is typically a: virtual organization. bureaucracy. formal structure. boundaryless organization. (b; Challenging; p. 464) 50. A small, core organization that outsources major business functions is the _____ organization. a. team b. virtual c. boundaryless d. matrix (b; Moderate; p. 464) 51. The ____ is also called the network or modular organization. virtual organization team structure pyramid boundaryless organization (a; Moderate; p. 464) 52. The prototype of the virtual structure is todays: appliance manufacturers. movie-making organizations. fast-food restaurants. software companies. (b; Challenging; p. 464) 53. The major advantage of the virtual organization is its: a. control. b. predictability. c. flexibility. d. empowerment. (c; Moderate; p. 465) 54. The _____ organization stands in sharp contrast to the typical bureaucracy that has many vertical levels of management and where control is sought through ownership. a. virtual b. team c. limitless d. matrix (a; Moderate; p. 465) 55. The boundaryless organization relies heavily on: information technology. functional and product departmentalization. the simple structure. none of the above. (a; Moderate; p. 466) 56. An organization that seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of control, and replace departments with empowered teams is the: a. virtual organization. b. boundaryless organization. c. matrix organization. d. team structure. (b; Moderate; p. 466) 57. The one common technological thread that makes the boundaryless organization possible is: a. reengineering. b. MBAs. c. networked computers. d. mainframes. (c; Moderate; p. 468) Why Do Structures Differ? 58. The _____ is a structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization. a. mechanistic model b. organic model c. traditional model d. bureaucracy organization (a; Moderate; p. 468) 59. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mechanistic structure? a. extensive departmentalization b. high formalization c. limited information network d. flexibility (d; Easy; p. 468) 60. If there is low formalization, a comprehensive information network, and high participation in decision making, one would expect a(n): a. simple structure. b. mechanistic structure. c. organic structure. d. stable structure. (c; Challenging; p. 468-469) 61. All of the following are characteristics of the organic model except: a. cross-functional teams. b. cross-departmentalization. c. cross-hierarchical teams. d. high participation. (b; Moderate; p. 468-469) 62. Which of the following is not a determinant of an organizations structure? strategy organization size innovation technology (c; Moderate; p. 469-472) 63. Changes in corporate strategy precede and lead to: a. changes in the environment. b. better communication. c. increased productivity. d. changes in an organizations structure. (d; Challenging; p. 469) 64. A strategy that emphasizes the introduction of major new products and services is a(n) _____ strategy. a. innovation b. enhancement c. progressive d. organic (a; Moderate; p. 469) 65. The innovation strategy is characterized by: a. unorthodox structures. b. a mixture of loose with tight properties. c. low specialization and low formalization. d. high technology. (c; Moderate; p. 469) 66. _____ refers to how an organization transfers its inputs into outputs. Production Technology Operations Process (b; Challenging; p. 470) 67. Which of the following is not part of the organizations environment? public pressure groups customers technology competitors (c; Moderate; p. 471) 68. The _____ of an environment refers to the degree to which it can support growth. a. capacity b. qualifications c. potential d. capability (a; Moderate; p. 472) 69. _____ refers to the degree of instability of an environment. a. Instability b. Volatility c. Irregularity d. Unpredictability (b; Moderate; p. 472) 70. Three key dimensions to any organizations environment have been found. Which of the following is not one of these key dimensions? a. volatility b. capability c. complexity d. capacity (b; Moderate; p. 472) 71. The _____ of an environment refers to the degree of heterogeneity and concentration among environmental elements. a. density b. simplicity c. complexity d. intricacy (c; Moderate; p. 472) Organization Designs and Employee Behavior 72. Which of the following generalizations about organizational structures and employee performance and satisfaction is most true? a. There is fairly strong evidence linking decentralization and job satisfaction. b. It is probably safe to say that no evidence supports a relationship between span of control and employee performance. c. The evidence generally indicates that work specialization contributes to lower employee productivity. d. No one wants work that makes minimal intellectual demands and is routine. (b; Challenging; p. 474) 73. There is research evidence to suggest that: a. employees with high self-esteem are more satisfied with decentralized organizations. b. a managers job satisfaction increases along with the number of employees he or she supervises c. centralized organizations tend to have more satisfied employees. d. a managers job satisfaction is inversely related to the number of employees he or she supervises (b; Challenging; p. 474) TRUE/FALSE 74. Organizations have different structures, but the structure has little bearing on employee attitudes and behavior. (False; Easy; p. 452) What is Organizational Structure? 75. Specialization defines how job tasks are formally defined, grouped, and coordinated. (False; Moderate; p. 452) 76. Managers need to address six key elements when they design their organizations structure: work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, chain of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization. (False; Challenging; p. 452) 77. The degree to which tasks in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs is termed departmentalization. (False; Moderate; p. 452-453) 78. Work specialization and division of labor are the same thing. (True; Easy; p. 452-453) 79. Work specialization may result in employee boredom, stress, and absenteeism. (True; Easy; p. 454) 80. For much of the first half of this century, managers viewed departmentalization as an unending source of increased productivity. (False; Moderate; p. 454) 81. The strength of functional departmentalization is putting similar specialists together. (True; Moderate; p. 454) 82. Only one form of departmentalization can effectively be implemented in an organization at a time. (False; Moderate; p. 455) 83. The inherent right in a managerial position to give orders and expect the orders to be obeyed is termed power. (False; Moderate; p. 456) 84. Departmentalization answers questions for employee such as To whom do I go if I have a problem? (False; Moderate; p. 456) 85. The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon is termed the command line of authority. (False; Easy; p. 456) 86. The principle of unity of command suggests that managers should support one another. (False; Easy; p. 456) 87. The trend in recent years has been toward wider spans of control. (True; Easy; p. 457) 88. Span of command determines the number of levels and managers an organization has. (False; Moderate; p. 456) 89. All things being equal, the wider or larger the span, the more profitable the organization. (False; Challenging; p. 456) 90. Flat organizational structures result from narrow spans of control. (False; Challenging; Exh. 15-3; p. 457) 91. Narrow spans of control can result in lack of supervision, causing performance to suffer. (False; Moderate; p. 457) 92. Having too many people report to you can undermine your effectiveness. (True; Easy; p. 457) 93. The more that lower-level personnel provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, the more decentralized the organization. (True; Moderate; p. 458) 94. A decentralized organization is more likely to result in a feeling of alienation by employees than a centralized organization. (False; Challenging; p. 458) 95. There has been a marked trend toward centralized decision making. (False; Moderate; p. 458) 96. Increase in the number of rules and regulations results in increased formalization. (True; Easy; p. 458-459) 97. The greater the formalization, the more input an employee has into how his or her work is done. (False; Challenging; p. 458) 98. Autonomy and formalization are positively related. (False; Moderate; p. 458) Common Organizational Designs 99. The simple structure is flexible and inexpensive to maintain, but the chain of command is often ambiguous. (False; Moderate; p. 460) 100. The strength of the bureaucracy lies in its ability to perform standardized activities. (True; Challenging; p. 461) 101. A major strength of the simple structure is that it easily adapts to any size organization. (False; Challenging; p. 460) 102. The simple structure is risky. (True; Challenging; p. 460) 103. Standardization is the key that underlies the simple structure. (False; Easy; p. 460) 104. The matrix structure is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization. (False; Challenging; p. 461) 105. A major weakness of the bureaucracy is that it creates sub-unit conflicts. (False; Moderate; p. 462) 106. The bureaucracy is efficient only as long as employees confront problems that they have previously encountered. (True; Easy; p. 462) 107. A structure that creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization is the matrix structure. (True; Easy; p. 462) 108. The strength of the bureaucracy is its ability to facilitate coordination when the organization has complex and interdependent activities. (False; Moderate; p. 462) 109. The matrix structure facilitates the allocation of specialists. (True; Challenging; p. 462) 110. The major disadvantages of the matrix lie is that it creates sub-unit conflicts and that functional unit goals can override the organizational goals. (False; Challenging; p. 463) New Design Options 111. The team structure breaks down department barriers and decentralizes decision making. (True; Moderate; p. 463-464) 112. Often the team structure complements what is typically a bureaucracy. (True; Moderate; p. 464) 113. The primary characteristics of the virtual organization are that it breaks down department barriers and decentralizes decision. (False; Moderate; p. 463-464) 114. You have decided to hire a small shop to do all your duplicating and printing. This is an example of outsourcing. (True; Moderate; p. 465) 115. The matrix organization is also called the network or modular organization. (False; Challenging; p. 464) 116. The major advantage to the virtual organization is its flexibility. (True; Easy; p. 466) 117. The virtual organization is effective in obtaining organizational stability. (False; Moderate; p. 465-466) 118. Jack Welch coined the term virtual organization. (False; Easy; p. 466) 119. An organization that seeks to eliminate the chain of command is a boundaryless organization. (True; Easy; p. 466) 120. Status and rank are minimized in the borderless organization. (False; Challenging; p. 466) 121. Globalization is easier in a borderless organization. (False; Challenging; p. 466) 122. The technological thread that makes the boundaryless organization possible is networked computers. (True; Moderate; p. 468) Why Do Structures Differ? 123. The organic structure is characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization. (False; Easy; p. 468) 124. The boundaryless organization is an example of the organic model of organizational design. (True; Easy; p. 468) 125. Mechanistic structures are high in formalization. (True; Easy; p. 468) 126. Mechanistic structures have high participation in decision making. (False; Moderate; p. 468) 127. Strategy does not impact an organizations structure. (False; Easy; p. 469) 128. An innovation strategy works well only for the simple structure. (False; Moderate; p. 469) 129. An organization that controls costs, refrains from incurring unnecessary innovation or marketing expenses, and cuts prices in selling a basic product pursues a price-minimization strategy. (False; Moderate; p. 469) 130. An innovation strategy seeks to quickly move into new products or new markets after their viability has been proven. (False; Moderate; p. 469) 131. Size affects structure at a decreasing rate. (True; Challenging; p. 470) 132. Adding 500 employees to an organization that has only 300 members is likely to result in a shift toward a more organic structure. (False; Challenging; p. 470) 133. Technology refers to how an organization transfers its inputs into outputs. (True; Moderate; p. 470) 134. The three key dimensions to an organizations environment have been found to be: capacity, complexity, and technology. (False; Challenging; p. 472) 135. The environment of an organization needs to be assessed in terms of capacity, which is the degree of heterogeneity and concentration among environmental elements. (False; Challenging; p. 472) 136. The more scarce, dynamic, and complex the environment, the more organic a structure should be. (True; Challenging; p. 472) Organizational Designs and Employee Behavior 137. Research supports the notion that employees prefer an organic structure. (False; Moderate; p. 474) 138. The evidence generally indicates that work specialization contributes positively to productivity. (True; Easy; p. 473) 139. A review of the research indicates that there is no evidence to support a relationship between span of control and employee performance. (True; Moderate; p. 474) 140. Organizations that are less centralized have a greater amount of participative decision making. (True; Easy; p. 474) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of: What is Organizational Structure? Consultants Exceptional has hired you to develop training materials for their consultants. Your first assignment is to develop a training program that helps their consultants to analyze and understand the organizational structure of the company that they are assisting. They believe that in order to adequately evaluate and understand the company, they need to understand the basic organizational structure. Then they will be able to recommend actions and changes based on that structure. 141. One of the questions you tell the trainees to ask is To what degree are tasks subdivided into separate jobs? This question addresses the issue of: a. formalization. b. work specialization. c. span of control. d. chain of command. (b; Moderate; Exh. 15-1; p. 453) 142. _____ is addressed by asking the question On what basis are jobs grouped together? a. Departmentalization b. Work specialization c. Centralization and decentralization d. Formalization (a; Challenging; Exh. 15-1; p. 453) 143. You instruct the trainees to ask about the degree of rules and regulations that direct employees and managers. You want to help them understand the: a. chain of command. b. degree of formalization. c. span of control. d. degree of departmentalization. (b; Moderate; Exh. 15-1; p. 453) Application of Departmentalization You have divided the jobs done by your department through work specialization and are now trying to decide how to best group them for efficiency and service to the customer. You are considering whether to group activities by function, product, process, geography, or customer. 144. You have decided that since you are a